Objectives <p>This longitudinal study aimed to examine the effects of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and related cognitive-behavioral and occupational stress factors on the productivity and abdominal symptoms of Japanese workers.</p> Methods <p>An online survey was conducted from October 5 to October 20, 2023 (Time 1), targeting workers aged 20–49 years who were not self-employed or business owners and who worked more than 30&#xa0;h per week. Data from 1,062 participants was available. A follow-up survey was conducted one year later (Time 2), with responses from 424 participants (161 women and 114 persons who reported IBS in the Time 1 screening) used for the analysis.</p> Results <p>Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that depression, physical symptoms, and the presence of IBS at Time 1 had significant effects on presenteeism and overall work productivity impairment at Time 2. In the IBS group, the interaction between maladaptive cognition related to IBS and job control at Time 1 were significantly related to abdominal symptoms at Time 2, indicating that IBS symptoms were more severe when job control was low and maladaptive cognition related to IBS was high, although the simple slope test results did not reach statistical significance. The physical symptoms of the IBS group at Time 1 had significant effects on presenteeism and overall work productivity impairment at Time 2; however, occupational stress factors and IBS-related cognitive-behavioral variables did not show significant effects.</p> Conclusion <p>The presence of IBS was shown to be related to the magnitude of productivity impairment one year later. Additionally, a correlation was seen between job control and maladaptive cognition regarding the effect of IBS on abdominal symptoms up to one year later. However, no evidence was found that occupational stress factors or IBS-related cognitive-behavioral variables were related to work productivity one year later.</p>