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<p>Adenovirus based vectors are commonly used as platforms for therapeutic cancer vaccines due to their high transduction efficiency, large genetic payload capacity, and intrinsic immunostimulatory properties. This systematic review evaluates the safety, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy of adenovirus-based cancer vaccines in human clinical trials. A comprehensive literature search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to February 2026. Twenty clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. Adenoviral vaccines, primarily based on human Ad5 and chimpanzee-derived vectors, were used to deliver tumor-associated antigens and neoantigens. Across studies, these vaccines demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with predominantly mild-to-moderate (grade 1–2) adverse events such as injection-site reactions, flu-like symptoms, and fatigue, while severe toxicities were rare. Immunogenicity outcomes were consistent, with most trials reporting strong antigen-specific CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T-cell responses. However, clinical efficacy remained limited when used as monotherapy, with modest objective response rates but evidence of disease stabilization and improved survival in some combination strategies. Despite encouraging immunogenicity and safety, the overall clinical benefit of adenoviral vaccines remains constrained by tumor immune evasion and pre-existing vector immunity. Future large-scale randomized trials and rational combination approaches are warranted to enhance their therapeutic potential.</p>

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Adenovirus-based cancer vaccines: a systematic review of clinical trials evidence

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Elham Kamalkazemi,
  • Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr,
  • Babak Negahdari,
  • Reza Salahlou,
  • Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi,
  • Fariba Pashazadeh,
  • Effat Alizadeh,
  • Nasser Hashemi Goradel

摘要

Adenovirus based vectors are commonly used as platforms for therapeutic cancer vaccines due to their high transduction efficiency, large genetic payload capacity, and intrinsic immunostimulatory properties. This systematic review evaluates the safety, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy of adenovirus-based cancer vaccines in human clinical trials. A comprehensive literature search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to February 2026. Twenty clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. Adenoviral vaccines, primarily based on human Ad5 and chimpanzee-derived vectors, were used to deliver tumor-associated antigens and neoantigens. Across studies, these vaccines demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with predominantly mild-to-moderate (grade 1–2) adverse events such as injection-site reactions, flu-like symptoms, and fatigue, while severe toxicities were rare. Immunogenicity outcomes were consistent, with most trials reporting strong antigen-specific CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T-cell responses. However, clinical efficacy remained limited when used as monotherapy, with modest objective response rates but evidence of disease stabilization and improved survival in some combination strategies. Despite encouraging immunogenicity and safety, the overall clinical benefit of adenoviral vaccines remains constrained by tumor immune evasion and pre-existing vector immunity. Future large-scale randomized trials and rational combination approaches are warranted to enhance their therapeutic potential.