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Background <p>Experimental modelling is required to test novel anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts. Porcine ACLs resemble human ACLs regarding in situ force distribution and anatomic characteristics. However, their essential properties remain unclear. This study describes essential baseline porcine ACL properties and determines the impact of standardised cyclic loading.</p> Methods <p>Twenty mature porcine cadaver knee joints were used for standardised biomechanical testing. Axial tensile loading was performed, and force to failure (F<sub>max</sub>), elongation, stiffness, yield point, and absorbed energy by ACL ligament were determined. Baseline values were compared with samples exposed to cyclic loading (10.000 runs).</p> Results <p>Dimensions were determined by computed tomography (CT) scanning. ACLs showed a mean F<sub>max</sub> of 720.5 N ± 108.6 N, whereas a mean F<sub>max</sub> of 614.9 N ± 98.1 N was found upon cyclic loading, p = 0.07. Stiffness did not differ between groups (baseline: 76.9 N/mm ± 8.9 N/mm vs. after cyclical loading: 76.1 N/mm ± 9.5 N/mm, p = 0.8). Furthermore, sample elongation during cyclic loading was unaltered. A biphasic pattern of ACL rupturing, reflecting two separate porcine bundles, was identified.</p> Conclusion <p>Two separate porcine bundles have been identified as being in line with humans. The robust results of this study underline the applicability of this model to the human condition. Moreover, specific features of porcine ACL may form a template for developing synthetic ligaments and tailored treatment protocols.</p>

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Biomechanical properties of mature porcine anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL) and the impact of cyclic loading

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • Mohamad Agha Mahmoud,
  • Tara Rashid,
  • Michel Paul Johan Teuben,
  • Johannes Greven,
  • Filippo Migliorini,
  • Sven Nebelung,
  • Christian David Weber,
  • Nicola Maffulli,
  • Frank Hildebrand,
  • Hans-Christoph Pape,
  • Miguel Pishnamaz

摘要

Background

Experimental modelling is required to test novel anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts. Porcine ACLs resemble human ACLs regarding in situ force distribution and anatomic characteristics. However, their essential properties remain unclear. This study describes essential baseline porcine ACL properties and determines the impact of standardised cyclic loading.

Methods

Twenty mature porcine cadaver knee joints were used for standardised biomechanical testing. Axial tensile loading was performed, and force to failure (Fmax), elongation, stiffness, yield point, and absorbed energy by ACL ligament were determined. Baseline values were compared with samples exposed to cyclic loading (10.000 runs).

Results

Dimensions were determined by computed tomography (CT) scanning. ACLs showed a mean Fmax of 720.5 N ± 108.6 N, whereas a mean Fmax of 614.9 N ± 98.1 N was found upon cyclic loading, p = 0.07. Stiffness did not differ between groups (baseline: 76.9 N/mm ± 8.9 N/mm vs. after cyclical loading: 76.1 N/mm ± 9.5 N/mm, p = 0.8). Furthermore, sample elongation during cyclic loading was unaltered. A biphasic pattern of ACL rupturing, reflecting two separate porcine bundles, was identified.

Conclusion

Two separate porcine bundles have been identified as being in line with humans. The robust results of this study underline the applicability of this model to the human condition. Moreover, specific features of porcine ACL may form a template for developing synthetic ligaments and tailored treatment protocols.