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Background <p>Seed quality analysis using X-rays is increasingly explored due to its non-invasive and rapid nature. Yet, the current absence of reliable and standardised imaging protocols has led to contradictory effects of X-ray exposure in previous studies. Our work systematically investigated the effect of low-energy X-rays (peak energy ≲25&#xa0;keV) with limited doses (&lt; 3&#xa0;mGy) on a wide range of plant materials.</p> Results <p>The baseline of three germination categories was established across seven species before the application of low-dose X-ray exposure under controlled standard germination conditions. The high inter-varietal and inter-lot variabilities, in addition to the strong interaction between X-ray exposure with both variety and lot, reinforced the need to consider genetic and seed quality aspects while evaluating the impacts of low-dose, low-energy X-rays (&lt; 3&#xa0;mGy, peak energy ≲25&#xa0;keV). A slight stimulative effect was observed on most of the species (bean, carrot, fennel, maize, radish, and ryegrass), notably, with a repeated reduction in ungerminated seeds led to an increase in normal germination (1.7 ± 1.9%). Intrinsic physical quality holds a crucial value where the minor negative impact observed in soybean originated from its degraded physical quality and not from X-ray exposure; hence, no destructive effects were detected. To understand whether seed size plays a significant role in a seed's response to exposure, linear regression models were built to predict 3D seed traits (volume) from 2D X-ray images. Yet, seed size did not explain the variation in responses to low doses of X-rays. However, the average density of the seven species explained both their natural germination (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01; R<sup>2</sup> = 0.82) and their germination outcomes after exposure (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01; R<sup>2</sup> = 0.88). Among all species, fennel with notably low density (0.7&#xa0;g/cm<sup>3</sup>) demonstrated the most pronounced gains in germination after exposure (4.6 ± 6.3%) due to the stimulative effect.</p> Conclusion <p>Low-dose X-ray exposure is non-destructive with a beneficial effect on germination, but can be strongly influenced by underlying genetics and the physical quality of the tested seeds. This work addressed important gaps in evaluating X-ray impacts and proposed a robust design and well-examined radiography protocol for a proven non-destructive seed quality analysis.</p>

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Understanding seed germination responses to low-dose X-rays: the role of seed quality, variety, and density

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Sherif Hamdy,
  • Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat,
  • Audrey Dupont,
  • Pejman Rasti,
  • Sylvie Ducournau,
  • David Rousseau,
  • Aurélie Charrier

摘要

Background

Seed quality analysis using X-rays is increasingly explored due to its non-invasive and rapid nature. Yet, the current absence of reliable and standardised imaging protocols has led to contradictory effects of X-ray exposure in previous studies. Our work systematically investigated the effect of low-energy X-rays (peak energy ≲25 keV) with limited doses (< 3 mGy) on a wide range of plant materials.

Results

The baseline of three germination categories was established across seven species before the application of low-dose X-ray exposure under controlled standard germination conditions. The high inter-varietal and inter-lot variabilities, in addition to the strong interaction between X-ray exposure with both variety and lot, reinforced the need to consider genetic and seed quality aspects while evaluating the impacts of low-dose, low-energy X-rays (< 3 mGy, peak energy ≲25 keV). A slight stimulative effect was observed on most of the species (bean, carrot, fennel, maize, radish, and ryegrass), notably, with a repeated reduction in ungerminated seeds led to an increase in normal germination (1.7 ± 1.9%). Intrinsic physical quality holds a crucial value where the minor negative impact observed in soybean originated from its degraded physical quality and not from X-ray exposure; hence, no destructive effects were detected. To understand whether seed size plays a significant role in a seed's response to exposure, linear regression models were built to predict 3D seed traits (volume) from 2D X-ray images. Yet, seed size did not explain the variation in responses to low doses of X-rays. However, the average density of the seven species explained both their natural germination (p < 0.01; R2 = 0.82) and their germination outcomes after exposure (p < 0.01; R2 = 0.88). Among all species, fennel with notably low density (0.7 g/cm3) demonstrated the most pronounced gains in germination after exposure (4.6 ± 6.3%) due to the stimulative effect.

Conclusion

Low-dose X-ray exposure is non-destructive with a beneficial effect on germination, but can be strongly influenced by underlying genetics and the physical quality of the tested seeds. This work addressed important gaps in evaluating X-ray impacts and proposed a robust design and well-examined radiography protocol for a proven non-destructive seed quality analysis.