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Background <p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of defined head-motion during x-ray exposure on the identification accuracy of typical cephalometric reference points.</p> Methods <p>By means of a dry adult human skull and a precise motion simulation system digital Cephs are acquired while certain predefined movement patterns (shift, tilt and nodding with a motion amplitude from 5 – 50&#xa0;mm) of the skull were executed. They represent the movements of children and adolescents, the main group for cephalometric radiographs.The scanning time was 9.4&#xa0;s per Ceph. 10 typical landmark points of cephalometric analysis were identified by 20 observers on each Ceph twice. Using a non-motion image (Ceph0) as reference, displacement was computed as vectors relative to this image. Commonly used angles and vertical and horizontal distances were calculated.</p> Results <p>Both inter-rater as well as intra-rater-reproducibility were perfect. There was very little change in the vertical distance N-Me, in contrast to the horizontal distance S–N which showed a large variation. So patient motion parallel to the scanning direction of the fan-beam-detector unit, heavily influence distances parallel to this direction. The ANB angle and the Maxillo-Mandibular Plane Angle (ANS-PNS to Me-Go) only varied by about 1–2°.</p> Conclusions <p>The study observed a severe influence on reference point location of motion patterns parallel to the scanning direction and also on clinically relevant distances parallel to the scanning direction. Therefore, we recommend to use a horizontal scanning direction, to minimise scanning time to a minimum, or to prefer a one-shot technique if possible. Future advancements in this field may include the integration of artificial intelligence or algorithms for the purpose of motion correction.</p>

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Influence of patient motion on definition of typical cephalometric reference points in digital horizontally scanning cephalometric radiography

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月17日

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  • Kim Martin,
  • Christos Katsaros,
  • Robert Brylka,
  • Ulrich Schwanecke,
  • Ralf Schulze

摘要

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of defined head-motion during x-ray exposure on the identification accuracy of typical cephalometric reference points.

Methods

By means of a dry adult human skull and a precise motion simulation system digital Cephs are acquired while certain predefined movement patterns (shift, tilt and nodding with a motion amplitude from 5 – 50 mm) of the skull were executed. They represent the movements of children and adolescents, the main group for cephalometric radiographs.The scanning time was 9.4 s per Ceph. 10 typical landmark points of cephalometric analysis were identified by 20 observers on each Ceph twice. Using a non-motion image (Ceph0) as reference, displacement was computed as vectors relative to this image. Commonly used angles and vertical and horizontal distances were calculated.

Results

Both inter-rater as well as intra-rater-reproducibility were perfect. There was very little change in the vertical distance N-Me, in contrast to the horizontal distance S–N which showed a large variation. So patient motion parallel to the scanning direction of the fan-beam-detector unit, heavily influence distances parallel to this direction. The ANB angle and the Maxillo-Mandibular Plane Angle (ANS-PNS to Me-Go) only varied by about 1–2°.

Conclusions

The study observed a severe influence on reference point location of motion patterns parallel to the scanning direction and also on clinically relevant distances parallel to the scanning direction. Therefore, we recommend to use a horizontal scanning direction, to minimise scanning time to a minimum, or to prefer a one-shot technique if possible. Future advancements in this field may include the integration of artificial intelligence or algorithms for the purpose of motion correction.