Background <p>Opioid use disorder is driven by neurobehavioral adaptations where environmental cues trigger relapse. Consequently, extinction therapy (ET) aims to modify drug-associated memories but has limited long-term efficacy. Recently, evidence suggested that glial cells may contribute to neuroplasticity phenomena in addiction. In this sense, this study examined whether aversive memories of morphine withdrawal and their extinction induce transcriptional changes in glial markers (<i>gfap</i>, <i>aif1</i>, <i>itgam</i>, <i>klf4</i>) in key memory-related regions: the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and hippocampus (dentate gyrus [DG] and CA1).</p> Results <p>Using the conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigm in rats, we assessed avoidance behavior after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and its extinction. Transcriptional analyses did not reveal major changes in the BLA. However, in CA1, downregulation of microglial markers cooccurred with aversive memory retrieval and restored after extinction. Moreover, one of the microglial markers, <i>klf4</i>, was reduced concomitantly with extinction memory retrieval in the DG. Correlation analyses showed negative associations between microglial markers and aversive memory strength, suggesting glial involvement in withdrawal-related learning.</p> Conclusions <p>These findings might indicate that microglial activity in CA1 plays a role in opioid withdrawal-associated memories, and extinction training might be returning these effects to basal levels. Therefore, targeting glial responses could provide new therapeutic strategies to prevent relapse.</p>