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Objectives <p>To validate reflection spectroscopy (RS)-based skin carotenoids (SCS) as non-invasive biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) in children and adolescents with obesity and metabolic dysfunction.</p> Methods <p>This case-control study (China, 2023) included 210 children and adolescents aged 7–17 years, categorized into five groups: healthy weight (<i>n</i> = 30), overweight (<i>n</i> = 23), obesity (<i>n</i> = 25), obesity with one metabolic disorder (<i>n</i> = 56), and obesity with two or more metabolic disorders (<i>n</i> = 76). SCS levels were measured using RS, FVI was assessed via a food frequency questionnaire, serum carotenoids were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and inflammatory markers were analyzed using flow cytometry.</p> Results <p>SCS and serum carotenoid levels decreased significantly across groups (p for trend &lt; 0.001). SCS correlated strongly with serum carotenoids, except for lycopene, with the strongest association observed in children and adolescents with obesity and two or more metabolic disorders. A quartile increase in FVI resulted in an 11.92–45.98 unit increase in SCS, partially mediated by total serum carotenoids, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin. SCS also inversely correlated with inflammation in metabolically disordered groups.</p> Conclusions <p>RS-based SCS is a valid, non-invasive biomarker of FVI, closely related to serum carotenoids and inflammatory status, and effectively distinguishes metabolic dysfunction in children and adolescents.</p>

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Skin carotenoids indicate diet, serum carotenoids, and inflammation across obesity and metabolic status in children

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月22日

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  • Yang Liu,
  • Huihui Huang,
  • Chi Sun,
  • Wenhan Jia,
  • Xuxiu Zhuang,
  • Jia Zheng,
  • Le Jiang,
  • Yanan Ma,
  • Bing Song,
  • Joel Gittelsohn,
  • Deliang Wen

摘要

Objectives

To validate reflection spectroscopy (RS)-based skin carotenoids (SCS) as non-invasive biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) in children and adolescents with obesity and metabolic dysfunction.

Methods

This case-control study (China, 2023) included 210 children and adolescents aged 7–17 years, categorized into five groups: healthy weight (n = 30), overweight (n = 23), obesity (n = 25), obesity with one metabolic disorder (n = 56), and obesity with two or more metabolic disorders (n = 76). SCS levels were measured using RS, FVI was assessed via a food frequency questionnaire, serum carotenoids were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and inflammatory markers were analyzed using flow cytometry.

Results

SCS and serum carotenoid levels decreased significantly across groups (p for trend < 0.001). SCS correlated strongly with serum carotenoids, except for lycopene, with the strongest association observed in children and adolescents with obesity and two or more metabolic disorders. A quartile increase in FVI resulted in an 11.92–45.98 unit increase in SCS, partially mediated by total serum carotenoids, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin. SCS also inversely correlated with inflammation in metabolically disordered groups.

Conclusions

RS-based SCS is a valid, non-invasive biomarker of FVI, closely related to serum carotenoids and inflammatory status, and effectively distinguishes metabolic dysfunction in children and adolescents.