Objective <p>This study aimed to assess the sociodemographic determinants of knowledge of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) among refugees in the Lolo and Mbile camps of Cameroon’s East region.</p> Methods <p>We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study among 528 refugees aged ≥ 18 years, selected via a multi-stage cluster sampling approach. Data were collected using pre-tested questionnaires administered by trained interviewers. Knowledge of LF was a dichotomous outcome based on recognition of the disease or its local names. We performed bivariate analyses followed by a multivariable logistic regression model to identify independent factors associated with LF knowledge, adjusting for potential confounders and testing for interactions.</p> Results <p>Overall LF knowledge was critically low (17.1%). In the adjusted multivariable model, formal education emerged as the strongest independent predictor (Adjusted Odds Ratio, aOR = 4.16; 95% CI: 1.60–10.83). A significant interaction revealed that Koranic education was a strong predictor in the Mbile camp (combined aOR = 4.1; 95% CI: 1.03–15.51) but not in Lolo. Other factors associated with higher knowledge in the adjusted model included being a household head (aOR = 1.86; 95% CI. 0.98–3.54) and shorter duration of residence.</p> Discussion <p>LF knowledge is alarmingly low in these refugee settings. The powerful effect of formal education and the context-dependent role of Koranic education highlight that awareness campaigns must be tailored to the specific educational and sociocultural landscape of each refugee camp. Strengthening both formal and context-relevant non-formal education systems should be a cornerstone of future LF elimination programs in humanitarian contexts.</p>