<p>Despite the success of vaccination and small-molecule antivirals in significantly reducing mortality from acute viral infections, chronic viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) remain persistent global health burdens. Latent reservoirs, drug resistance mutations, and immune evasion mechanisms enable these viruses to persist, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is an emerging immunotherapeutic strategy, initially developed to treat cancer, that harnesses a patient’s own immune cells to induce targeted immune responses. Chronic viral infections share significant similarities with tumors, including immune cell exhaustion, expression of inhibitory ligands, and metabolic suppression. Consequently, CAR-T-cell therapy holds promise as a new approach to treating chronic viral infections and has attracted considerable attention in recent years. This review systematically evaluates the progress in using CAR-T-cell therapy to treat chronic infections caused by HIV, HBV, CMV, and EBV, focusing on target selection and CAR-T-cell design strategies and highlighting the potential of these approaches to achieve disease control.</p>