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Introduction <p>Low socioeconomic status (SES) and unhealthy lifestyle are known risk factors for hypertension, but their impact on early-onset hypertension remains unclear.</p> Methods <p>A nationwide cohort study using UK Biobank data included 128,918 adults. SES was classified as high, medium, or low through latent class analysis of household income, employment, and education. A healthy lifestyle score was based on nonsmoking, moderate alcohol use, physical activity, and diet quality. Early-onset hypertension was defined as diagnosis before age 50; late-onset hypertension was diagnosed at 50 or older.</p> Results <p>Early-onset hypertension incidence was 2.93%, while late-onset was 14.45%. In early-onset hypertension, incidence increased from 2.03% in high SES to 7.35% in low SES (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). For late-onset hypertension, incidence ranged from 9.70 to 20.74% (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Medium and low SES were significant risk factors for both forms of hypertension. The mediation effect of a healthy lifestyle on early-onset hypertension was 3.16%, and 0.42% for late-onset. Low SES combined with an unhealthy lifestyle increased early-onset hypertension risk by 356% and late-onset by 105%. The strength of the associations between risk factors for early-onset hypertension was greater than that for late-onset hypertension, particularly for low SES, obesity, and low education level.</p> Conclusions <p>Low SES is a stronger risk factor for early-onset hypertension than late-onset. A healthy lifestyle provides significant protection, especially in low SES groups. Tailored interventions addressing SES, education, and obesity are essential for preventing both early- and late-onset hypertension.</p>

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Associations of socioeconomic status and healthy lifestyle with incident early-onset and late-onset hypertension: a nationwide prospective cohort study in the UK

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月12日

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  • Siying Liu,
  • Tingting Liu,
  • Di Teng,
  • Haoyu Wang,
  • Fei Li,
  • Cihang Lu,
  • Jiahui Guo,
  • Jie Li,
  • Hanyu Wang,
  • Zhihong Wang,
  • Qiqiang Guo,
  • Jing Zhang,
  • Yongze Li

摘要

Introduction

Low socioeconomic status (SES) and unhealthy lifestyle are known risk factors for hypertension, but their impact on early-onset hypertension remains unclear.

Methods

A nationwide cohort study using UK Biobank data included 128,918 adults. SES was classified as high, medium, or low through latent class analysis of household income, employment, and education. A healthy lifestyle score was based on nonsmoking, moderate alcohol use, physical activity, and diet quality. Early-onset hypertension was defined as diagnosis before age 50; late-onset hypertension was diagnosed at 50 or older.

Results

Early-onset hypertension incidence was 2.93%, while late-onset was 14.45%. In early-onset hypertension, incidence increased from 2.03% in high SES to 7.35% in low SES (p < 0.001). For late-onset hypertension, incidence ranged from 9.70 to 20.74% (p < 0.001). Medium and low SES were significant risk factors for both forms of hypertension. The mediation effect of a healthy lifestyle on early-onset hypertension was 3.16%, and 0.42% for late-onset. Low SES combined with an unhealthy lifestyle increased early-onset hypertension risk by 356% and late-onset by 105%. The strength of the associations between risk factors for early-onset hypertension was greater than that for late-onset hypertension, particularly for low SES, obesity, and low education level.

Conclusions

Low SES is a stronger risk factor for early-onset hypertension than late-onset. A healthy lifestyle provides significant protection, especially in low SES groups. Tailored interventions addressing SES, education, and obesity are essential for preventing both early- and late-onset hypertension.