Background <p>This analytical cross-sectional study assessed job satisfaction, stress, and perceived social support among postgraduate dental students and identified contributing factors.</p> Methods <p>Sixty-four postgraduate dental students across 10 specialties at Mashhad Dental School participated between January and February 2024. A structured questionnaire included the Brayfield–Rothe Job Satisfaction Scale, a validated Persian Job Satisfaction Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale. Demographic data were also collected. Statistical analyses examined relationships between variables, with a significance level of 0.05.</p> Results <p>The Brayfield–Rothe Scale indicated above-average job satisfaction (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), while the Persian Job Satisfaction Scale showed below-average scores (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Perceived social support (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and psychological well-being (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) were above average. Married students reported significantly higher satisfaction and social support (<i>p</i> = 0.002). Significant correlations were found between job satisfaction, perceived social support, and psychological well-being.</p> Conclusion <p>Postgraduate dental students reported high perceived social support and psychological well-being but elevated stress levels, with varying job satisfaction across scales. Married students demonstrated higher satisfaction and support. Enhancing support systems and stress-reduction strategies in dental education is recommended.</p>