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<p>Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) is a promising material for bony structure defects reconstruction due to its favorable mechanical properties and radiolucency. However, its clinical application is limited by poor soft tissue integration resulting from surface bio-inertness. In this study, a highly uniform Nanopillar Array PEEK (NAP) was fabricated using an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template-based melt-casting method. The resulting nanostructures exhibited precise control over nanopillar diameter (100–300&#xa0;nm) without detectable chemical alterations. In vitro experiments demonstrated that NAP significantly enhanced fibroblast adhesion, proliferation, and collagen secretion, with efficacy positively correlating to nanopillar diameters. In the in vivo chest wall implantation model, NAP promoted superior soft tissue integration, as evidenced by increased collagen deposition and elevated expression of integrinβ1, fibronectin, COL-1, VEGF, and CTGF. Transcriptome analysis revealed that NAP upregulated Areg and Farp1 genes, which are associated with cytoskeletal reorganization and adhesion signaling, in a diameter-dependent manner. In conclusion, this study establishes a reproducible strategy for tailoring PEEK surface topography to enhance bioactivity and provides insights into the design of advanced implants for soft tissue integration.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Diameter-dependent effects of nanopillar arrays on PEEK bioactivity and soft tissue integration

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Xi Liu,
  • Yuqi Zhao,
  • Hui Liu,
  • Haochen Wang,
  • Xiaocheng Li,
  • Yixuan Gong,
  • Jie Zheng,
  • Haohan Yu,
  • Chang Su,
  • Wen Song

摘要

Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) is a promising material for bony structure defects reconstruction due to its favorable mechanical properties and radiolucency. However, its clinical application is limited by poor soft tissue integration resulting from surface bio-inertness. In this study, a highly uniform Nanopillar Array PEEK (NAP) was fabricated using an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template-based melt-casting method. The resulting nanostructures exhibited precise control over nanopillar diameter (100–300 nm) without detectable chemical alterations. In vitro experiments demonstrated that NAP significantly enhanced fibroblast adhesion, proliferation, and collagen secretion, with efficacy positively correlating to nanopillar diameters. In the in vivo chest wall implantation model, NAP promoted superior soft tissue integration, as evidenced by increased collagen deposition and elevated expression of integrinβ1, fibronectin, COL-1, VEGF, and CTGF. Transcriptome analysis revealed that NAP upregulated Areg and Farp1 genes, which are associated with cytoskeletal reorganization and adhesion signaling, in a diameter-dependent manner. In conclusion, this study establishes a reproducible strategy for tailoring PEEK surface topography to enhance bioactivity and provides insights into the design of advanced implants for soft tissue integration.

Graphical abstract