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Background <p>Early-life environmental exposures may influence infant neurodevelopment. We examined associations between perinatal air pollution, green space exposure, and milestone attainment during the first two years.</p> Methods <p>We conducted a longitudinal population study of Flemish children born in 2018, using well-baby clinic data (<i>n</i> = 46,584). Outcomes were delay of six milestones within predefined windows assessed using the Dutch version of the Denver Developmental Screener, and the exact age at two milestones. Municipality-level PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, and green space were assigned. Associations per interquartile-range (IQR) increase were estimated using multivariable logistic and linear regression with multiple imputation.</p> Results <p>PM<sub>2.5</sub> was positively associated with delaying the milestone ‘Points at 6 body parts of a doll’ (OR = 1.13, 95% CI:1.04;1.22). PM<sub>10</sub> was positively associated with delaying the milestones ‘Says sentences of 2 words’ (OR = 1.07, 95%CI:1.00;1.13), ‘Points at 6 body parts of a doll’ (OR = 1.11, 95%CI:1.05;1.18), and ‘Pulls up to standing position’ (OR = 1.11, 95%CI:1.02;1.22). Low green was significantly associated with a reduced odds of delaying the milestones ‘Says 2 sound-words with comprehension’ (OR = 0.89, 95%CI:0.85;0.93) and ‘Pulls up to standing position’ (OR = 0.87, 95%CI:0.81;0.94), and negatively associated with walking age in months (B=-0.094, 95%CI:-0.129;-0.059). High green was negatively associated with delaying the milestones ‘Says sentences of 2 words’ (OR = 0.96, 95%CI:0.94;0.99) and ‘Points at 6 body parts of a doll’ (OR = 0.93, 95%CI:0.89;0.96). Total green was negatively associated with delaying the milestones ‘Says 2 sound-words with comprehension’ (OR = 0.94, 95%CI:0.88;0.99) and ‘Points at 6 body parts of a doll’ (OR = 0.95, 95%CI:0.91;0.99), and also with walking age (B=-0.054, 95%CI:-0.089;-0.019).</p> Conclusion <p>PM exposure was linked to delays, while green space exposure showed a protective association. These findings support reducing PM<sub>10</sub>/PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and promoting green space exposures for child development.</p>

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Attaining neurodevelopmental milestones and exposures to fine particulate matter and environmental green spaces

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Jackline Vicent Mbishi,
  • Esmée Bijnens,
  • Kim Holvoet,
  • Joni De Haes,
  • Alexander Lepe,
  • Els Ortibus,
  • Gunnar Naulaers,
  • Tim S. Nawrot,
  • Marlou LA de Kroon

摘要

Background

Early-life environmental exposures may influence infant neurodevelopment. We examined associations between perinatal air pollution, green space exposure, and milestone attainment during the first two years.

Methods

We conducted a longitudinal population study of Flemish children born in 2018, using well-baby clinic data (n = 46,584). Outcomes were delay of six milestones within predefined windows assessed using the Dutch version of the Denver Developmental Screener, and the exact age at two milestones. Municipality-level PM2.5, PM10, and green space were assigned. Associations per interquartile-range (IQR) increase were estimated using multivariable logistic and linear regression with multiple imputation.

Results

PM2.5 was positively associated with delaying the milestone ‘Points at 6 body parts of a doll’ (OR = 1.13, 95% CI:1.04;1.22). PM10 was positively associated with delaying the milestones ‘Says sentences of 2 words’ (OR = 1.07, 95%CI:1.00;1.13), ‘Points at 6 body parts of a doll’ (OR = 1.11, 95%CI:1.05;1.18), and ‘Pulls up to standing position’ (OR = 1.11, 95%CI:1.02;1.22). Low green was significantly associated with a reduced odds of delaying the milestones ‘Says 2 sound-words with comprehension’ (OR = 0.89, 95%CI:0.85;0.93) and ‘Pulls up to standing position’ (OR = 0.87, 95%CI:0.81;0.94), and negatively associated with walking age in months (B=-0.094, 95%CI:-0.129;-0.059). High green was negatively associated with delaying the milestones ‘Says sentences of 2 words’ (OR = 0.96, 95%CI:0.94;0.99) and ‘Points at 6 body parts of a doll’ (OR = 0.93, 95%CI:0.89;0.96). Total green was negatively associated with delaying the milestones ‘Says 2 sound-words with comprehension’ (OR = 0.94, 95%CI:0.88;0.99) and ‘Points at 6 body parts of a doll’ (OR = 0.95, 95%CI:0.91;0.99), and also with walking age (B=-0.054, 95%CI:-0.089;-0.019).

Conclusion

PM exposure was linked to delays, while green space exposure showed a protective association. These findings support reducing PM10/PM2.5) and promoting green space exposures for child development.