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Background <p>The Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) poses a serious threat to the Apis cerana, a major plant and crop pollinator. CSBV primarily infects larvae early in their development causing liquefaction of the larval epidermis preventing normal pupation. Bee larvae can resist viral infection through immune responses, with phenoloxidase (PO) being a key link between host cellular and humoral immunity. It is unknown whether host genes can modulate the PO cascade to affect viral replication. Herein, we performed RNA-Seq on CSBV-infected Apis cerana larvae and identify expression of the gene Peter Pan (AcPPAN), the gene had no significant effect on the development of larvae.</p> Results <p>After silencing AcPPAN, we found that the immune response of the larvae is suppressed and promoted CSBV replication. Subsequently, we fluorescently labeled copper ions in the larval hemolymph and found that AcPPAN responds to CSBV infection and is involved in limiting virus-induced copper accumulation within the hemolymph.</p> Conclusions <p>Our findings indicate that CSBV promotes viral replication in larvae by suppressing AcPPAN expression, elevating hemolymph copper ion concentration, and inhibiting phenoloxidase-mediated antiviral immune responses.</p>

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Chinese sacbrood virus destroys AcPPAN-copper homeostasis to evade phenoloxidase-based antiviral immunity in Apis cerana

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Yaxi Guo,
  • Huitong Qiu,
  • Yang Qi,
  • Hua Bai,
  • Yingshuo Huang,
  • Ting An,
  • Yueyu Ma,
  • Ming Li,
  • Li Sun,
  • Dongliang Fei,
  • Mingxiao Ma,
  • Yuming Liu

摘要

Background

The Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) poses a serious threat to the Apis cerana, a major plant and crop pollinator. CSBV primarily infects larvae early in their development causing liquefaction of the larval epidermis preventing normal pupation. Bee larvae can resist viral infection through immune responses, with phenoloxidase (PO) being a key link between host cellular and humoral immunity. It is unknown whether host genes can modulate the PO cascade to affect viral replication. Herein, we performed RNA-Seq on CSBV-infected Apis cerana larvae and identify expression of the gene Peter Pan (AcPPAN), the gene had no significant effect on the development of larvae.

Results

After silencing AcPPAN, we found that the immune response of the larvae is suppressed and promoted CSBV replication. Subsequently, we fluorescently labeled copper ions in the larval hemolymph and found that AcPPAN responds to CSBV infection and is involved in limiting virus-induced copper accumulation within the hemolymph.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that CSBV promotes viral replication in larvae by suppressing AcPPAN expression, elevating hemolymph copper ion concentration, and inhibiting phenoloxidase-mediated antiviral immune responses.