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Background <p>As the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) escalates globally, the influence of indiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock cannot be overlooked. Antimicrobial use practices are continually explored in larger food-producing animals; however, small ruminants (sheep and goats) receive comparatively less research attention. Our study addresses this gap by investigating small ruminant production practices in Nigeria and exploring how they affect the use of antimicrobials and alternatives.</p> Methods <p>We adopted a mixed-methods study design. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 785 farmers. Following this, a focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted with 23 small ruminant industry stakeholders, which included farmers, para-veterinarians, and butchers. Participants were split into three round tables, with 7–8 participants per table.</p> Results <p>Of questionnaire respondents, 68% of farmers never vaccinated their flock against peste de petits ruminants (PPR) nor contagious caprine pleuropneumonia virus. Several health problems were regularly experienced by animals, including PPR, mastitis, and dermatophilosis. Diseases were mostly self-managed with antibiotics and herbs (&gt; 70%) rather than through reliance on veterinary care (&lt; 15%). More farmers (48%) used antibiotics than herbal remedies (14%) over the previous three months. Farmers’ use of herbs was affected by their having low awareness of available options and how to use them appropriately. Perceived effectiveness also influenced farmers’ choice between antibiotics and herbs, while economic considerations also led them to sell off sick animals before or during treatment. Among farmers who used animal health services, more farmers (59%) consulted unlicensed para-veterinarians and drugstore vendors rather than licensed government and private veterinarians (36%), a disparity attributed to the unavailability of qualified veterinary doctors. Most farmers had poor knowledge (62%), attitudes (47%), and practices (43%) towards AMU and AMR.</p> Conclusions <p>We recommend conducting further studies to identify and investigate the efficacy of currently used herbs in treating common diseases. There is a crucial need to improve farmers’ access to vaccines, veterinary care, and laboratory diagnostics. Barriers that hinder better compliance with regulations that govern the use of non-prescribed antimicrobials should be explored. Awareness programmes could be conducted to improve farmers’ awareness of AMR and appropriate disease preventive practices.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Small ruminant production system characteristics and their influence on use, alternatives of, and resistance to antimicrobials in Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Ismail Odetokun,
  • Rodiat Olabisi Omotoso,
  • Ismail Adewuyi Adeyemo,
  • Jadesola Juliana Ajao,
  • Olayiwola Akeem Ahmed,
  • Nma Bida Alhaji,
  • Musa Imam Abubakar,
  • Rodhiat Oyinlola Ade-Yusuf,
  • Ibrahim Adisa Raufu,
  • Victoria Olusola Adetunji,
  • Jennifer Cole,
  • Mabrouk Elsabagh,
  • Elena Garcia Fruitós,
  • Anna Aris,
  • Ismail Ayoade Odetokun

摘要

Background

As the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) escalates globally, the influence of indiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock cannot be overlooked. Antimicrobial use practices are continually explored in larger food-producing animals; however, small ruminants (sheep and goats) receive comparatively less research attention. Our study addresses this gap by investigating small ruminant production practices in Nigeria and exploring how they affect the use of antimicrobials and alternatives.

Methods

We adopted a mixed-methods study design. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 785 farmers. Following this, a focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted with 23 small ruminant industry stakeholders, which included farmers, para-veterinarians, and butchers. Participants were split into three round tables, with 7–8 participants per table.

Results

Of questionnaire respondents, 68% of farmers never vaccinated their flock against peste de petits ruminants (PPR) nor contagious caprine pleuropneumonia virus. Several health problems were regularly experienced by animals, including PPR, mastitis, and dermatophilosis. Diseases were mostly self-managed with antibiotics and herbs (> 70%) rather than through reliance on veterinary care (< 15%). More farmers (48%) used antibiotics than herbal remedies (14%) over the previous three months. Farmers’ use of herbs was affected by their having low awareness of available options and how to use them appropriately. Perceived effectiveness also influenced farmers’ choice between antibiotics and herbs, while economic considerations also led them to sell off sick animals before or during treatment. Among farmers who used animal health services, more farmers (59%) consulted unlicensed para-veterinarians and drugstore vendors rather than licensed government and private veterinarians (36%), a disparity attributed to the unavailability of qualified veterinary doctors. Most farmers had poor knowledge (62%), attitudes (47%), and practices (43%) towards AMU and AMR.

Conclusions

We recommend conducting further studies to identify and investigate the efficacy of currently used herbs in treating common diseases. There is a crucial need to improve farmers’ access to vaccines, veterinary care, and laboratory diagnostics. Barriers that hinder better compliance with regulations that govern the use of non-prescribed antimicrobials should be explored. Awareness programmes could be conducted to improve farmers’ awareness of AMR and appropriate disease preventive practices.

Graphical abstract