Scholarlink

Background <p>Cytokine dysregulation contributes to chronic inflammation and immune-mediated diseases, yet population-level determinants of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines remain poorly characterized. We aimed to identify demographic and lifestyle determinants of plasma cytokine levels and evaluate reproducibility of inflammatory patterns across European populations.</p> Methods <p>In the population-based Rotterdam Study cohort (<i>n</i> = 3,456; mean age 57 years; 56% female), we examined associations between plasma levels of nine cytokines (Olink Inflammation Panel) and age, sex, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and alcohol consumption. Linear and non-linear regression models were applied, with stratified analyses where appropriate. Cytokine clustering was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA). Findings were replicated in two independent European cohorts using identical protocols. Additionally, associations between raw IL-6 levels and determinants were meta-analyzed across the two replication cohorts (total <i>n</i> &gt; 4,000).</p> Results <p>Plasma IL-10, IL-6, IL-17&#xa0;A, TNF, IFN-<b>γ</b>, IL-18, and IL-17&#xa0;C increased with age; IL-18 and IL-17&#xa0;C followed non-linear trends (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01). Females had lower IL-18 and IL-17&#xa0;C levels (β: − 0.41 and − 0.32, respectively) but higher IFN-<b>γ</b> (β: 0.17). Smoking was associated with higher IL-10, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-17&#xa0;C (β range: 0.10–0.54) and lower IFN-<b>γ</b> (β: -0.15) and IL-13 (β: − 0.10). BMI was positively associated with IL-6, IL-18, TNF, and IL-17&#xa0;A levels (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), and inversely with IL-10 (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). Sex-specific associations were observed for alcohol use. PCA revealed stable pro-inflammatory cytokine clustering, consistent across cohorts. Replication in analyses confirmed a robust, shared pro-inflammatory signature, and meta-analysis supported consistent associations with older age, higher BMI, and current smoking.</p> Conclusions <p>Older age, higher BMI, male sex, and current smoking are consistent and reproducible determinants of inflammatory cytokine profiles across European populations. These findings support the use of cytokine profiling in enhancing risk stratification for inflammation-related diseases.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Determinants of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles across populations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

查看全文
  • Samantha E. Leonard,
  • Mohsen Ghanbari,
  • Pawel Sowa,
  • Joyce B.J. van Meurs,
  • Costanza Vallerga,
  • P. Martin van Hagen,
  • Henry Völzke,
  • Sabine Ameling,
  • Uwe Völker,
  • Marcin Kondraciuk,
  • Marlena Dubatowka,
  • Karol Kamiński,
  • Alexander Teumer,
  • Layal Chaker,
  • Virgil A.S.H. Dalm

摘要

Background

Cytokine dysregulation contributes to chronic inflammation and immune-mediated diseases, yet population-level determinants of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines remain poorly characterized. We aimed to identify demographic and lifestyle determinants of plasma cytokine levels and evaluate reproducibility of inflammatory patterns across European populations.

Methods

In the population-based Rotterdam Study cohort (n = 3,456; mean age 57 years; 56% female), we examined associations between plasma levels of nine cytokines (Olink Inflammation Panel) and age, sex, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and alcohol consumption. Linear and non-linear regression models were applied, with stratified analyses where appropriate. Cytokine clustering was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA). Findings were replicated in two independent European cohorts using identical protocols. Additionally, associations between raw IL-6 levels and determinants were meta-analyzed across the two replication cohorts (total n > 4,000).

Results

Plasma IL-10, IL-6, IL-17 A, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-18, and IL-17 C increased with age; IL-18 and IL-17 C followed non-linear trends (P < 0.01). Females had lower IL-18 and IL-17 C levels (β: − 0.41 and − 0.32, respectively) but higher IFN-γ (β: 0.17). Smoking was associated with higher IL-10, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-17 C (β range: 0.10–0.54) and lower IFN-γ (β: -0.15) and IL-13 (β: − 0.10). BMI was positively associated with IL-6, IL-18, TNF, and IL-17 A levels (P < 0.05), and inversely with IL-10 (P < 0.001). Sex-specific associations were observed for alcohol use. PCA revealed stable pro-inflammatory cytokine clustering, consistent across cohorts. Replication in analyses confirmed a robust, shared pro-inflammatory signature, and meta-analysis supported consistent associations with older age, higher BMI, and current smoking.

Conclusions

Older age, higher BMI, male sex, and current smoking are consistent and reproducible determinants of inflammatory cytokine profiles across European populations. These findings support the use of cytokine profiling in enhancing risk stratification for inflammation-related diseases.