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Background <p>Prediabetes refers to the transitional stage from normal glucose metabolism to diabetes. The International Diabetes Federation guidelines reported that, as of 2024, approximately 1.12 billion people globally were in the prediabetes stage. Without intervention, individuals with prediabetes are highly likely to progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus. It can be seen that prediabetes is posing a threat to human health and life and leads to a significant global public health concern.</p> Methods <p>PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched before March 29, 2025. Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) enrolled adults with prediabetes, compared the efficacy and safety of placebo and anti-prediabetic drugs (e.g., metformin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and thiazolidinedione) with a follow-up duration of at least 12&#xa0;weeks. Bayesian network meta-analysis was employed in statistical analysis.</p> Results <p>Fifty-five eligible RCTs involving 37 interventions with 16,610 participants were included in this study. Compared with placebo, most anti-prediabetic drugs significantly reduced levels of&#xa0;hemoglobin&#xa0;A1c (HbA1c) (mean difference (MD), − 0.94 ~ − 0.27%), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (MD, − 26.42 ~ − 0.15&#xa0;mg/dL), weight loss (WL) (MD, − 13.59 ~ − 5.99&#xa0;kg) and body mass index (BMI) (MD, − 4.50 ~ − 0.08&#xa0;kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Specifically, 2.4&#xa0;mg of semaglutide SC demonstrated the most optimal efficacy in WL (MD − 13.59&#xa0;kg; 95% confidence interval (CI) − 17.30 to − 9.91) and favorable efficacy in lowering HbA1c (MD − 0.39%; 95% CI − 0.55 to − 0.25); 15&#xa0;mg of tirzepatide showed significant efficacy in lowering FPG (MD − 9.58&#xa0;mg/dL; 95% CI − 12.00 to − 7.15), and potent efficacy in lowering BMI. Thirty milligrams of pioglitazone showed excellent efficacy in lowering lipid and FPG. Among the interventions, there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events (AEs), while 100&#xa0;mg of sitagliptin demonstrated higher incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs).</p> Conclusions <p>Among all the included interventions, GLP-1RAs, GIP/GLP-1RAs, and TZDs demonstrated favorable anti-prediabetic efficacy and acceptable safety. 2.4&#xa0;mg of semaglutide SC and 15&#xa0;mg of tirzepatide were the best option among the included interventions considering favorable glucose and BMI control.</p> Systematic review registration <p>PROSPERO CRD42025636991</p>

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Efficacy and safety of anti-prediabetic drugs in patients with prediabetes: a Bayesian network meta-analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Yike Wu,
  • Zihan Wang,
  • Adili Tuersun,
  • Qiuxia Yu,
  • Yu Zhong,
  • Shah Syed Alfakhar Ali,
  • Haiyang Liu,
  • Xinyi Hu,
  • Yanfei Zhang,
  • Liyuan Pang,
  • Longzhou Li,
  • Long Gao,
  • Qiwen Wu,
  • Shan Wang,
  • Meng Cui,
  • Linglu Sun,
  • Yulin Wu,
  • Antong Yin,
  • Lei Zhang,
  • Guo Ma

摘要

Background

Prediabetes refers to the transitional stage from normal glucose metabolism to diabetes. The International Diabetes Federation guidelines reported that, as of 2024, approximately 1.12 billion people globally were in the prediabetes stage. Without intervention, individuals with prediabetes are highly likely to progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus. It can be seen that prediabetes is posing a threat to human health and life and leads to a significant global public health concern.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched before March 29, 2025. Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) enrolled adults with prediabetes, compared the efficacy and safety of placebo and anti-prediabetic drugs (e.g., metformin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and thiazolidinedione) with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks. Bayesian network meta-analysis was employed in statistical analysis.

Results

Fifty-five eligible RCTs involving 37 interventions with 16,610 participants were included in this study. Compared with placebo, most anti-prediabetic drugs significantly reduced levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (mean difference (MD), − 0.94 ~ − 0.27%), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (MD, − 26.42 ~ − 0.15 mg/dL), weight loss (WL) (MD, − 13.59 ~ − 5.99 kg) and body mass index (BMI) (MD, − 4.50 ~ − 0.08 kg/m2). Specifically, 2.4 mg of semaglutide SC demonstrated the most optimal efficacy in WL (MD − 13.59 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI) − 17.30 to − 9.91) and favorable efficacy in lowering HbA1c (MD − 0.39%; 95% CI − 0.55 to − 0.25); 15 mg of tirzepatide showed significant efficacy in lowering FPG (MD − 9.58 mg/dL; 95% CI − 12.00 to − 7.15), and potent efficacy in lowering BMI. Thirty milligrams of pioglitazone showed excellent efficacy in lowering lipid and FPG. Among the interventions, there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events (AEs), while 100 mg of sitagliptin demonstrated higher incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs).

Conclusions

Among all the included interventions, GLP-1RAs, GIP/GLP-1RAs, and TZDs demonstrated favorable anti-prediabetic efficacy and acceptable safety. 2.4 mg of semaglutide SC and 15 mg of tirzepatide were the best option among the included interventions considering favorable glucose and BMI control.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42025636991