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Background <p>Clinical pharmacy services have demonstrated positive impacts on patient outcomes in several countries, but data from Sudan are still scarce. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of clinical pharmacy services on patient outcomes in Sudan.</p> Method <p>A systematic literature search was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Embase databases, as well as Google Scholar, were searched from their commencement to December 31, 2024. Eligible studies included both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental designs. Data extraction and qualitative analysis were subsequently performed. The risk of bias for RCTs was assessed via the ROB-2 tool, while non-randomized studies were assessed via the ROBINS-I V2 tool.</p> Results <p>Among the 150 retrieved studies, 14 met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 3,895 participants; (6 out of 14, 42.9%) were RCTs, and (8 out of 14, 57.1%) were quasi-experimental studies. Clinical pharmacy services had a positive impact on therapeutic (7 out of 8, 87.5%, p value &lt; 0.05), humanistic (6 out of 7, 85.7%, p value &lt; 0.05), safety (2 out of 14, 14.3%, p value &lt; 0.05), and economic (1 out of 1, 100%, p value &lt; 0.05) outcomes. The majority of studies were conducted in hospital settings (12 out of 14, 85.8%) and focused on chronic conditions such as heart failure, diabetes, and asthma. Services included medication optimization, patient education, medication reconciliation, and protocol implementation.</p> Conclusion <p>Clinical pharmacy services in Sudan had a positive impact on humanistic, therapeutic, economic, and safety outcomes, although evidence for the economic and safety impacts remains limited. There is an urgent need for national policy implementation and wider integration of clinical pharmacists across healthcare settings to enhance care quality and efficiency. Further research, particularly in high-risk populations, safety, and economic evaluations, is warranted.</p>

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Impact of clinical pharmacy services on patient outcomes in Sudan: a systematic review of interventional studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月8日

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  • Yousif B. Hamadalneel,
  • Safaa Badi,
  • Mohammed Elmadani,
  • Kannan O. Ahmed,
  • Ahmed A. A. Omer

摘要

Background

Clinical pharmacy services have demonstrated positive impacts on patient outcomes in several countries, but data from Sudan are still scarce. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of clinical pharmacy services on patient outcomes in Sudan.

Method

A systematic literature search was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Embase databases, as well as Google Scholar, were searched from their commencement to December 31, 2024. Eligible studies included both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental designs. Data extraction and qualitative analysis were subsequently performed. The risk of bias for RCTs was assessed via the ROB-2 tool, while non-randomized studies were assessed via the ROBINS-I V2 tool.

Results

Among the 150 retrieved studies, 14 met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 3,895 participants; (6 out of 14, 42.9%) were RCTs, and (8 out of 14, 57.1%) were quasi-experimental studies. Clinical pharmacy services had a positive impact on therapeutic (7 out of 8, 87.5%, p value < 0.05), humanistic (6 out of 7, 85.7%, p value < 0.05), safety (2 out of 14, 14.3%, p value < 0.05), and economic (1 out of 1, 100%, p value < 0.05) outcomes. The majority of studies were conducted in hospital settings (12 out of 14, 85.8%) and focused on chronic conditions such as heart failure, diabetes, and asthma. Services included medication optimization, patient education, medication reconciliation, and protocol implementation.

Conclusion

Clinical pharmacy services in Sudan had a positive impact on humanistic, therapeutic, economic, and safety outcomes, although evidence for the economic and safety impacts remains limited. There is an urgent need for national policy implementation and wider integration of clinical pharmacists across healthcare settings to enhance care quality and efficiency. Further research, particularly in high-risk populations, safety, and economic evaluations, is warranted.