Background <p>Nurses play a crucial role in health promotion, yet their own health behaviors may not always align with their professional knowledge. Understanding the factors influencing nurses’ health behaviors is essential for designing effective interventions to support their well-being and professional effectiveness.</p> Objectives <p>This study aimed to assess the level of health behaviors among actively employed nurses in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship and identify key determinants influencing these behaviors.</p> Methods <p>A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and December 2023 among 519 nurses working in various healthcare settings. Data were collected using a proprietary sociodemographic questionnaire and the Health Behavior Inventory. Results were analyzed using univariable and multivariable statistical methods.</p> Results <p>The overall level of health behaviors among the nurses was moderate, with significantly lower scores in health practices compared to other domains. Gender emerged as a key determinant, with male nurses exhibiting worse health behaviors in proper eating habits, preventive behaviors, and health practices (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001, respectively). Nurses with longer work experience demonstrated better dietary habits (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Workplace setting influenced positive mental attitude, with nurses in outpatient clinics, sanatoriums, and childcare centers scoring higher than those in long-term care facilities (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p> Conclusions <p>The findings highlight the need for tailored health promotion programs, particularly for male nurses and those in long-term care settings. Implementing structured education, psychological support, and workplace wellness initiatives could enhance nurses’ health behaviors and overall well-being. Addressing these factors is crucial, given the increasing number of male nurses and the demanding nature of long-term care work.</p> Clinical trial number <p>Not applicable.</p>