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Background <p>Accurate metastasis prediction in lung adenocarcinoma is essential for effective treatment plans and improved prognosis. Current methods face challenges in accuracy and clinical application.</p> Methods <p>We developed a binary classification model (XGBoost) and a multiclassification model (stacking) using SEER database data. The binary model predicts metastasis presence (M0 vs. non-M0), and the multiclassification model further refines the degree of metastasis (M1a, M1b, M1c). Model performance was assessed using ROC AUC, PR AUC, and KS curves. SHAP values were used to analyze important features and explain the decision-making process.</p> Results <p>The binary model achieved ROC AUC and PR AUC scores exceeding 0.77, with the KS curve showing high consistency in distinguishing between positive and negative samples. The multiclassification model also performed well, demonstrating stability and generalizability across different metastasis stages. Key predictive factors included AJCC stage, survival duration, tumor size, and treatment information.</p> Conclusion <p>This study improves the accuracy and clinical application of metastasis prediction in lung adenocarcinoma through interpretable machine learning models. The combination of binary and multiclassification models not only predicts metastasis presence but also details its extent, providing valuable clinical decision support. Future research should integrate diverse data sources to enhance model robustness and better serve clinical practice.</p> Clinical trial number <p>Not applicable.</p>

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Interpretable machine learning based decision-making system for lung adenocarcinoma metastasis: a population-based study with exploration of multi-classification models

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月3日

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  • Jian Xu,
  • Shuo Chen,
  • Chang Zhao,
  • Miao He,
  • Feng Luo,
  • Xintian Cai,
  • Jiantao Wang,
  • Zhendong Ding,
  • TieWa Zhang

摘要

Background

Accurate metastasis prediction in lung adenocarcinoma is essential for effective treatment plans and improved prognosis. Current methods face challenges in accuracy and clinical application.

Methods

We developed a binary classification model (XGBoost) and a multiclassification model (stacking) using SEER database data. The binary model predicts metastasis presence (M0 vs. non-M0), and the multiclassification model further refines the degree of metastasis (M1a, M1b, M1c). Model performance was assessed using ROC AUC, PR AUC, and KS curves. SHAP values were used to analyze important features and explain the decision-making process.

Results

The binary model achieved ROC AUC and PR AUC scores exceeding 0.77, with the KS curve showing high consistency in distinguishing between positive and negative samples. The multiclassification model also performed well, demonstrating stability and generalizability across different metastasis stages. Key predictive factors included AJCC stage, survival duration, tumor size, and treatment information.

Conclusion

This study improves the accuracy and clinical application of metastasis prediction in lung adenocarcinoma through interpretable machine learning models. The combination of binary and multiclassification models not only predicts metastasis presence but also details its extent, providing valuable clinical decision support. Future research should integrate diverse data sources to enhance model robustness and better serve clinical practice.

Clinical trial number

Not applicable.