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Background <p>Orthodontic appliances increase the risk of enamel demineralization. Dental lasers have been reported to enhance enamel resistance to demineralization when applied prior to orthodontic procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Er, Cr: YSGG laser application, alone or in combination with fluoride, on enamel demineralization, surface hardness, and orthodontic shear bond strength.</p> Methods <p>A total of 135 extracted human premolars were used. For Vickers hardness and ICP-OES analyses, 75 samples were divided into five groups: (1) negative control, (2) topical fluoride, (3) Er, Cr: YSGG laser, (4) laser combined with fluoride, and (5) positive control. Samples from Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were subjected to a demineralization procedure, and enamel hardness was subsequently measured. The demineralization solutions were analyzed using ICP-OES to determine calcium and phosphorus levels. For shear bond strength evaluation, four groups were prepared from the remaining 60 specimens. The same surface treatment protocols as those applied in Groups 1–4 of the microhardness test were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.</p> Results <p>The surface hardness of Groups 2, 3, and 4 was significantly higher than that of Group 5 (<i>p &lt;</i> 0.05). The amounts of both calcium and phosphorus released in Group 5 were significantly higher than in the other groups. There were no statistically significant differences in calcium and phosphorus levels among Groups 2, 3, and 4. No significant differences in the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets were observed among the groups.</p> Conclusion <p>Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the application of Er, Cr: YSGG laser, either alone or in combination with fluoride, improved enamel resistance to demineralization compared to the demineralized control group, without adversely affecting the bond strength of orthodontic brackets. The combined application did not demonstrate a statistically significant additional benefit compared to single-modality treatments.</p>

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Evaluation of the effects of Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation on enamel demineralization and orthodontic shear bond strength: an in vitro comparative study with topical fluoride

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Serdar Bağlar,
  • Ayşenur Şahin,
  • Hatice Özyılmaz

摘要

Background

Orthodontic appliances increase the risk of enamel demineralization. Dental lasers have been reported to enhance enamel resistance to demineralization when applied prior to orthodontic procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Er, Cr: YSGG laser application, alone or in combination with fluoride, on enamel demineralization, surface hardness, and orthodontic shear bond strength.

Methods

A total of 135 extracted human premolars were used. For Vickers hardness and ICP-OES analyses, 75 samples were divided into five groups: (1) negative control, (2) topical fluoride, (3) Er, Cr: YSGG laser, (4) laser combined with fluoride, and (5) positive control. Samples from Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were subjected to a demineralization procedure, and enamel hardness was subsequently measured. The demineralization solutions were analyzed using ICP-OES to determine calcium and phosphorus levels. For shear bond strength evaluation, four groups were prepared from the remaining 60 specimens. The same surface treatment protocols as those applied in Groups 1–4 of the microhardness test were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Results

The surface hardness of Groups 2, 3, and 4 was significantly higher than that of Group 5 (p < 0.05). The amounts of both calcium and phosphorus released in Group 5 were significantly higher than in the other groups. There were no statistically significant differences in calcium and phosphorus levels among Groups 2, 3, and 4. No significant differences in the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets were observed among the groups.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the application of Er, Cr: YSGG laser, either alone or in combination with fluoride, improved enamel resistance to demineralization compared to the demineralized control group, without adversely affecting the bond strength of orthodontic brackets. The combined application did not demonstrate a statistically significant additional benefit compared to single-modality treatments.