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Background <p>This in vitro study evaluates the effects of adding ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) to platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) matrices on growth factor release, cytokine levels, and mechanical properties.</p> Methods <p>Twenty healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females) participated in the study. Seven tubes of venous blood were collected from each participant. Samples were divided into three groups: control (PRF), vitamin C-augmented PRF (VitC-PRF), and vitamin D-augmented PRF (VitD-PRF). All PRF samples were prepared using a standard centrifugation protocol (2700&#xa0;rpm, 12&#xa0;min). Growth factors (IGF-1, PDGF, FGF-2, VEGF, TGF-β1) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) were analysed by ELISA at 24 and 72&#xa0;h. Mechanical properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile strength, and elongation tests.</p> Results <p>The VitC-PRF group demonstrated significantly higher tensile strength and elongation compared to both the control and VitD-PRF groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). FGF-2 and PDGF levels were highest in the VitD-PRF group, while the control group exhibited the highest levels of IGF-1 and TGF-β1. IL-1β levels were significantly lower in the VitC-PRF group compared to the other groups, with no significant differences in TNF-α levels between groups.</p> Conclusions <p>The addition of ascorbic acid and cholecalciferol to PRF enhanced its mechanical properties and exhibited favorable biological effects on growth factors and inflammatory processes. These findings suggest that vitamin-enriched PRF could be a promising approach for optimizing periodontal regeneration.</p>

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Effects of ascorbic acid and cholecalciferol on growth factor release, cytokines, and biomechanical properties of platelet rich fibrin: in vitro study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Mustafa Ozcan,
  • Bedii Ender Topcu,
  • Bahar Alkaya,
  • Mehmet Bertan Yılmaz,
  • Onur Uçak Türer,
  • M. Cenk Haytac

摘要

Background

This in vitro study evaluates the effects of adding ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) to platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) matrices on growth factor release, cytokine levels, and mechanical properties.

Methods

Twenty healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females) participated in the study. Seven tubes of venous blood were collected from each participant. Samples were divided into three groups: control (PRF), vitamin C-augmented PRF (VitC-PRF), and vitamin D-augmented PRF (VitD-PRF). All PRF samples were prepared using a standard centrifugation protocol (2700 rpm, 12 min). Growth factors (IGF-1, PDGF, FGF-2, VEGF, TGF-β1) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) were analysed by ELISA at 24 and 72 h. Mechanical properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile strength, and elongation tests.

Results

The VitC-PRF group demonstrated significantly higher tensile strength and elongation compared to both the control and VitD-PRF groups (p < 0.05). FGF-2 and PDGF levels were highest in the VitD-PRF group, while the control group exhibited the highest levels of IGF-1 and TGF-β1. IL-1β levels were significantly lower in the VitC-PRF group compared to the other groups, with no significant differences in TNF-α levels between groups.

Conclusions

The addition of ascorbic acid and cholecalciferol to PRF enhanced its mechanical properties and exhibited favorable biological effects on growth factors and inflammatory processes. These findings suggest that vitamin-enriched PRF could be a promising approach for optimizing periodontal regeneration.