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Background <p>This in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare preclinical effectiveness of two whitening toothpastes hydrogen peroxide based and activated charcoal based on cigarette smoke-induced discoloration in three restorative materials: a micro-hybrid composite, a nano ceramic composite, and a 3D printed ceramic based resin material.</p> Methods <p>Seventy-two disc-shaped samples (<i>n</i> = 8 per subgroup) were fabricated from micro-hybrid composite, nano ceramic composite and a 3D-printed ceramic resin-based material. After baseline color measurements, all specimens were stained using a standardized cigarette smoke exposure protocol (four cycles, 10&#xa0;min each). Subsequently, the specimens were brushed with either a hydrogen peroxide containing toothpaste, an activated charcoal containing toothpaste, or distilled water (control), using an electric brushing simulator at 2&#xa0;N force. Color measurements (ΔE₀₀) were obtained spectrophotometrically at three timepoints: baseline (T₀), post-smoking (T₁), and post-brushing (T₂). Color differences (ΔE₀₀) were analyzed using three-way repeated measures ANOVA for intra-group comparisons over time and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test for inter-group comparisons at each time point (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p> Results <p>All materials exhibited clinically unacceptable discoloration after cigarette exposure (ΔE₀₀ &gt;1.8), with the 3D printed resin-based material group showing the highest color change (ΔE₀₀ ≈ 15.3). Post brushing, both hydrogen peroxide and activated charcoal toothpastes significantly reduced discoloration in micro-hybrid composite resin and nano ceramic composite resin groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), with hydrogen peroxide showing greater efficacy. No statistically significant improvement was observed in the 3D printed ceramic resin-based material group regardless of the toothpaste used (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Overall, ΔE₀₀ values remained above clinical acceptability after brushing in all groups.</p> Conclusion <p>3D-printed ceramic-based resin exhibited the highest discoloration after cigarette smoke exposure, while the nano-ceramic composite showed the lowest. Both whitening toothpastes significantly improved color recovery following cigarette smoke-induced discoloration. However, they remained ineffective in fully reversing discoloration, particularly in 3D-printed ceramic resin-based materials.</p>

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Effect of whitening toothpastes on cigarette smoke staining of Resin-Based and 3D-Printed restorative materials

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月6日

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  • Neslihan Çelik,
  • Mustafa Çadırcı,
  • Ali Kiki,
  • Yavuz Selim Genç,
  • Ruşen Erdem

摘要

Background

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare preclinical effectiveness of two whitening toothpastes hydrogen peroxide based and activated charcoal based on cigarette smoke-induced discoloration in three restorative materials: a micro-hybrid composite, a nano ceramic composite, and a 3D printed ceramic based resin material.

Methods

Seventy-two disc-shaped samples (n = 8 per subgroup) were fabricated from micro-hybrid composite, nano ceramic composite and a 3D-printed ceramic resin-based material. After baseline color measurements, all specimens were stained using a standardized cigarette smoke exposure protocol (four cycles, 10 min each). Subsequently, the specimens were brushed with either a hydrogen peroxide containing toothpaste, an activated charcoal containing toothpaste, or distilled water (control), using an electric brushing simulator at 2 N force. Color measurements (ΔE₀₀) were obtained spectrophotometrically at three timepoints: baseline (T₀), post-smoking (T₁), and post-brushing (T₂). Color differences (ΔE₀₀) were analyzed using three-way repeated measures ANOVA for intra-group comparisons over time and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test for inter-group comparisons at each time point (p < 0.05).

Results

All materials exhibited clinically unacceptable discoloration after cigarette exposure (ΔE₀₀ >1.8), with the 3D printed resin-based material group showing the highest color change (ΔE₀₀ ≈ 15.3). Post brushing, both hydrogen peroxide and activated charcoal toothpastes significantly reduced discoloration in micro-hybrid composite resin and nano ceramic composite resin groups (p < 0.001), with hydrogen peroxide showing greater efficacy. No statistically significant improvement was observed in the 3D printed ceramic resin-based material group regardless of the toothpaste used (p > 0.05). Overall, ΔE₀₀ values remained above clinical acceptability after brushing in all groups.

Conclusion

3D-printed ceramic-based resin exhibited the highest discoloration after cigarette smoke exposure, while the nano-ceramic composite showed the lowest. Both whitening toothpastes significantly improved color recovery following cigarette smoke-induced discoloration. However, they remained ineffective in fully reversing discoloration, particularly in 3D-printed ceramic resin-based materials.