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<p>Nanomaterials and regeneration-inducing microenvironments are key components of innovative regenerative endodontic treatment (RET). This study aimed to assess the odontogenic potential of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating growth factor (GM-CSF) loaded chitosan nanogels (CNgs) on dental pulp stem cell (DPSCs) culture. GM-CSF/CNgs were prepared through the ionic gelation method and then characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential devices. Acridine orange (AO) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were used to evaluate cellular morphology and viability. The odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation was determined by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR&#xa0;(qRT-PCR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical characterization confirmed that the GM-CSF/CNgs were prepared. The loading efficiency was 82.9 ± 2. Significant biocompatibility and no apparent nuclear fragmentation upon exposure to GM-CSF/CNgs and CNgs were observed. Quantifying the expression of dental pulp regeneration associated with genes including osteocalcin&#xa0;gene (OCN), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), and dentin&#xa0;matrix protein 1 (DMP1) between GM-CSF/CNgs and control groups was significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Morphology of DPSCs in contact with GM-CSF/CsNgs demonstrated odontogenic differentiation. GM-CSF/CNgs promoted a bioinspired drug delivery system (DDS) and induced dental pulp regeneration of DPSCs.</p>

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Chitosan nanogels enriched with granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating growth factor promote odontoblastic differentiation in human dental pulp stem cells in vitro

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • Bahar Asheghi,
  • Khatereh Asadi,
  • Ahmad Gholami,
  • Maryam Enteghad,
  • Seyedeh Saba Sadeghi,
  • Negin Firouzi

摘要

Nanomaterials and regeneration-inducing microenvironments are key components of innovative regenerative endodontic treatment (RET). This study aimed to assess the odontogenic potential of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating growth factor (GM-CSF) loaded chitosan nanogels (CNgs) on dental pulp stem cell (DPSCs) culture. GM-CSF/CNgs were prepared through the ionic gelation method and then characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential devices. Acridine orange (AO) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were used to evaluate cellular morphology and viability. The odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation was determined by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical characterization confirmed that the GM-CSF/CNgs were prepared. The loading efficiency was 82.9 ± 2. Significant biocompatibility and no apparent nuclear fragmentation upon exposure to GM-CSF/CNgs and CNgs were observed. Quantifying the expression of dental pulp regeneration associated with genes including osteocalcin gene (OCN), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) between GM-CSF/CNgs and control groups was significant (p < 0.001). Morphology of DPSCs in contact with GM-CSF/CsNgs demonstrated odontogenic differentiation. GM-CSF/CNgs promoted a bioinspired drug delivery system (DDS) and induced dental pulp regeneration of DPSCs.