Background <p>Before performing surgical procedures in the posterior mandible, which contains vital structures, it is essential to have detailed knowledge of the morphology, depth, types, and variations of the submandibular fossa (SMF), as well as the precise course of the mandibular canal (MC) to avoid a possible perforation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the depth and types of SMF, and the MC position using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in a sample of Turkish individuals.</p> Methods <p>The depth and type of SMF, and relative position of the MC to the deepest point of the SMF (classified as inferior, parallel, or superior), were retrospectively evaluated on cross-sectional CBCT images. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Chi-square test were used to analysis of the variables. A p value of less than 0.05 was accepted as significant.</p> Results <p>The submandibular fossa depth (SMFD) was measured on the left and right sides of CBCT images of 610 patients (358 female, 252 male). A significant difference was observed between the left and right sides for mean SMFD (1.93 ± 0.65 and 1.98 ± 0.67, respectively) (<i>p</i> = 0.001). The mean SMFD values were found to be significantly higher in males than in females on both sides (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). The position of the MC in relation to the deepest point of the SMF was most frequently observed to be inferior. The lowest mean SMFD value was observed in the parallel position on the left and right sides (1.79 ± 0.56 and 1.77 ± 0.53, respectively).</p> Conclusions <p>The anatomical data obtained from this study contribute to the existing literature on SMFD and its relationship with the MC. It is recommended that these anatomical structures be evaluated radiologically before surgical procedures to prevent complications.</p>