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Objective <p>To explore the potential mechanisms of interstitial cystitis (IC), we employed a cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis rat model, a well-established tool for studying IC-like bladder inflammation and dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the role of rhythmic genes and immune microenvironment remodeling in this model, focusing on TOP2A and its impact on T-cell infiltration.</p> Methods <p>CYP-induced cystitis rat models were established using cyclophosphamide. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on bladder tissues to analyze cellular heterogeneity. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified rhythmic and immune-related gene clusters. TOP2A was validated via RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Statistical analyses assessed correlations between TOP2A, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells.</p> Results <p>Single-cell sequencing revealed elevated T-cell infiltration in a CYP-induced cystitis rat model. TOP2A was the sole overlapping gene between rhythmic and immune clusters and showed significant upregulation in IC tissues (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). IHC confirmed increased TOP2A, CD4 + T, and CD8 + T cell levels, with strong positive correlations (<i>r</i> = 0.89 and 0.64, respectively). Functional enrichment linked TOP2A to oxidative phosphorylation and ribosomal pathways.</p> Conclusions <p>Our findings demonstrate that TOP2A drives immune dysregulation in CYP-induced cystitis by modulating T-cell infiltration. As T-cell infiltration is a hallmark of human IC, our findings in this CYP-induced model suggest that TOP2A may represent a novel therapeutic target worthy of further investigation in human IC tissues.</p>

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TOP2A drives T-cell infiltration and immune remodeling in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis: a single-cell sequencing study with potential implications for interstitial cystitis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Minli Shi,
  • Wantong Xue,
  • Xiaodong Wen,
  • Lei Pang

摘要

Objective

To explore the potential mechanisms of interstitial cystitis (IC), we employed a cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis rat model, a well-established tool for studying IC-like bladder inflammation and dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the role of rhythmic genes and immune microenvironment remodeling in this model, focusing on TOP2A and its impact on T-cell infiltration.

Methods

CYP-induced cystitis rat models were established using cyclophosphamide. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on bladder tissues to analyze cellular heterogeneity. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified rhythmic and immune-related gene clusters. TOP2A was validated via RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Statistical analyses assessed correlations between TOP2A, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells.

Results

Single-cell sequencing revealed elevated T-cell infiltration in a CYP-induced cystitis rat model. TOP2A was the sole overlapping gene between rhythmic and immune clusters and showed significant upregulation in IC tissues (P < 0.05). IHC confirmed increased TOP2A, CD4 + T, and CD8 + T cell levels, with strong positive correlations (r = 0.89 and 0.64, respectively). Functional enrichment linked TOP2A to oxidative phosphorylation and ribosomal pathways.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that TOP2A drives immune dysregulation in CYP-induced cystitis by modulating T-cell infiltration. As T-cell infiltration is a hallmark of human IC, our findings in this CYP-induced model suggest that TOP2A may represent a novel therapeutic target worthy of further investigation in human IC tissues.