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Background <p>Femoral neck fractures pose significant therapeutic challenges. The femoral neck system (FNS) has emerged as a promising implant. However, deviations in the nail-shaft angle during FNS placement may compromise biomechanical stability, yet their impact remains poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the biomechanical effects of varying nail-shaft angles on stress distribution in FNS-treated femoral neck fractures (graded according to Pauwels classification) using finite element analysis, providing insights for intraoperative precision.</p> Methods <p>Three-dimensional models of Pauwels type I-III fractures were reconstructed from computed tomography scans of a healthy adult femur. The FNS implants with nail-shaft angles of 120°, 125°, 130°, 135°, and 140° were virtually positioned. Axial loading (1,400&#xa0;N) was simulated via finite element analysis (Abaqus 2020) to evaluate the Von Mises stress distribution, peak stress magnitude, and stress transmission efficiency, and to compare mechanical failure risks across fracture types.</p> Results <p>In Pauwels type I and III fractures, a 130° nail-shaft angle minimised the peak Von Mises stress (102.7&#xa0;MPa and 114.7&#xa0;MPa, respectively), with stress concentrated near the fracture line, indicating optimal load transfer. For Pauwels type II fractures, an angle of 120° yielded the lowest peak stress (126.4&#xa0;MPa). Angle deviations significantly altered stress patterns: at angles ≤ 130°, type I fractures exhibited lower stress than types II/III; conversely, angles ≥ 135° reversed this trend. Angles &gt; 130° shifted the stress concentration to the distal locking screws, thereby elevating the risk of mechanical failure.</p> Conclusions <p>The biomechanical performance of the FNS is fracture-type-dependent, necessitating angle-specific optimisation. For Pauwels type I/III fractures, optimal nail placement at 130° enhances stress distribution, whereas type II fractures may benefit from 120° angulation. These findings underscore the criticality of intraoperative angle control in mitigating fixation failure and non-union risk. Future studies should incorporate clinical follow-ups and multi-axis loading to validate these biomechanical insights.</p>

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Finite element analysis of the influence of femoral neck system implantation angle on biomechanical stability in femoral neck fractures: a mechanistic exploration

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月14日

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  • Haohao Bai,
  • Ying Wang,
  • Hongzhen Jin,
  • Bin Lu,
  • Lei Sun,
  • Xinlong Ma,
  • Jianxiong Ma

摘要

Background

Femoral neck fractures pose significant therapeutic challenges. The femoral neck system (FNS) has emerged as a promising implant. However, deviations in the nail-shaft angle during FNS placement may compromise biomechanical stability, yet their impact remains poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the biomechanical effects of varying nail-shaft angles on stress distribution in FNS-treated femoral neck fractures (graded according to Pauwels classification) using finite element analysis, providing insights for intraoperative precision.

Methods

Three-dimensional models of Pauwels type I-III fractures were reconstructed from computed tomography scans of a healthy adult femur. The FNS implants with nail-shaft angles of 120°, 125°, 130°, 135°, and 140° were virtually positioned. Axial loading (1,400 N) was simulated via finite element analysis (Abaqus 2020) to evaluate the Von Mises stress distribution, peak stress magnitude, and stress transmission efficiency, and to compare mechanical failure risks across fracture types.

Results

In Pauwels type I and III fractures, a 130° nail-shaft angle minimised the peak Von Mises stress (102.7 MPa and 114.7 MPa, respectively), with stress concentrated near the fracture line, indicating optimal load transfer. For Pauwels type II fractures, an angle of 120° yielded the lowest peak stress (126.4 MPa). Angle deviations significantly altered stress patterns: at angles ≤ 130°, type I fractures exhibited lower stress than types II/III; conversely, angles ≥ 135° reversed this trend. Angles > 130° shifted the stress concentration to the distal locking screws, thereby elevating the risk of mechanical failure.

Conclusions

The biomechanical performance of the FNS is fracture-type-dependent, necessitating angle-specific optimisation. For Pauwels type I/III fractures, optimal nail placement at 130° enhances stress distribution, whereas type II fractures may benefit from 120° angulation. These findings underscore the criticality of intraoperative angle control in mitigating fixation failure and non-union risk. Future studies should incorporate clinical follow-ups and multi-axis loading to validate these biomechanical insights.