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Background <p>Asthma, a prevalent chronic respiratory disease, significantly contributes to global morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the disease burden, trends, and associated risk factors of asthma, stratified by sex and age groups, across 204 countries and territories.</p> Methods <p>Asthma mortality, incidence, prevalence, and DALYs data were sourced from GBD Study 2021. Joinpoint and ARIMA models analyzed trends and projected future burdens over 15 years.</p> Results <p>The 2021 global asthma data reveal age-sex specific disparities. Globally, the number of asthma incident episodes was 19,331,938 in males and 18,532,237 in females. However, females exhibited higher prevalence, mortality, and DALYs compared to males. Furthermore, age-standardized rates of asthma burden also varied by sex and age. Males generally presented higher incidence and mortality rates, whereas females showed higher DALYs and prevalence rates. Comparing different age and sex groups, males under 15 years of age experienced a greater asthma burden, a trend that reversed post-puberty. The highest incidence rates of asthma was observed in children under 5 years old, however, the highest mortality and DALYs rates were observed in individuals over 70 years old. From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized asthma burden demonstrated a decreasing trend, with a more pronounced decline in males. In 2021, the primary risk factors for asthma were high body mass index, smoking, occupational asthma, and nitrogen dioxide exposure.</p> Conclusions <p>During the period, age-standardized asthma burden rates declined, with a more pronounced decrease observed in males. However, in 2021, the overall burden of asthma remained substantial. Asthma exhibits distinct age-sex differences. Globally, high body mass index has emerged as an increasingly significant risk factor for asthma.</p>

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Age–sex differences in the global burden of asthma and risk factors, 1990–2021: results from the global burden of disease study 2021

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月7日

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  • Sinuo Wu,
  • Rongmei Ding,
  • Wanjie Huang,
  • Yunxiao Shang,
  • Wei Xu,
  • Feng Shi,
  • Qi Cheng

摘要

Background

Asthma, a prevalent chronic respiratory disease, significantly contributes to global morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the disease burden, trends, and associated risk factors of asthma, stratified by sex and age groups, across 204 countries and territories.

Methods

Asthma mortality, incidence, prevalence, and DALYs data were sourced from GBD Study 2021. Joinpoint and ARIMA models analyzed trends and projected future burdens over 15 years.

Results

The 2021 global asthma data reveal age-sex specific disparities. Globally, the number of asthma incident episodes was 19,331,938 in males and 18,532,237 in females. However, females exhibited higher prevalence, mortality, and DALYs compared to males. Furthermore, age-standardized rates of asthma burden also varied by sex and age. Males generally presented higher incidence and mortality rates, whereas females showed higher DALYs and prevalence rates. Comparing different age and sex groups, males under 15 years of age experienced a greater asthma burden, a trend that reversed post-puberty. The highest incidence rates of asthma was observed in children under 5 years old, however, the highest mortality and DALYs rates were observed in individuals over 70 years old. From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized asthma burden demonstrated a decreasing trend, with a more pronounced decline in males. In 2021, the primary risk factors for asthma were high body mass index, smoking, occupational asthma, and nitrogen dioxide exposure.

Conclusions

During the period, age-standardized asthma burden rates declined, with a more pronounced decrease observed in males. However, in 2021, the overall burden of asthma remained substantial. Asthma exhibits distinct age-sex differences. Globally, high body mass index has emerged as an increasingly significant risk factor for asthma.