Background <p>Antisemitism has increased in Germany in recent years, raising concerns about its impact on the mental health of Jewish university students. However, empirical research on mental health outcomes among Jewish students in Germany remains limited.</p> Methods <p>This cross-sectional study used a quantitative comparative design to examine stress, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem among Jewish and non-Jewish university students. An online survey was completed by 320 students, including 151 who identified as Jewish. Measures assessed perceived antisemitism, Jewish identification, self-esteem, and connection to Israel. Group differences were analyzed, and predictors of mental health outcomes were examined within the Jewish subsample.</p> Results <p>Jewish students reported significantly higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression than their non-Jewish peers, while no significant differences were observed in self-esteem. Within the Jewish subsample, perceived antisemitism emerged as the strongest predictor of psychological distress, whereas self-esteem functioned as a protective factor. Stronger connection to Israel was associated with elevated stress.</p> Conclusions <p>The findings indicate that perceived antisemitism represents a significant mental health risk factor for Jewish university students in Germany. Addressing minority stress and strengthening protective resources within higher education settings may help reduce psychological distress and promote student well-being.</p>