Background <p>Comorbid mental disorders and poor dietary habits in individuals with diabetes have been suggested as possible factors associated with inadequate glycemic control. This study aimed to assess the association between glycemic control, depression, anxiety, and dietary patterns in Palestinian patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.</p> Method <p>A cross-sectional descriptive study design was employed, involving 531 patients with diabetes mellitus from governmental primary care centers in the Bethlehem and Hebron governorates. Data were collected using self-reported questionnaires, including the 15-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).</p> Results <p>The results showed that 76.3% of participants had poor glycemic control. Modifying diet or medication sometimes based on blood sugar readings was associated with poor glycemic control compared to those who always made such modifications (AOR: 2.402, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.009). Also, anxiety was significantly associated with higher odds of poor glycemic control compared to those without anxiety (AOR: 4.229, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Finally, adhering to a moderate dietary pattern were not associated with poor glycemic control compared to adherence to a poor dietary pattern (AOR: 0.044, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p> Conclusion <p>The study revealed a high prevalence of poor glycemic control. Anxiety, poor dietary patterns, and modifying diet or medication sometimes based on blood sugar readings were associated with poor glycemic control. Our research may suggest that treatments for diabetes in primary care centers located in war-torn areas are inadequate unless the underlying mental health problems are addressed and nutritional guidance is provided.</p>