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Background and objectives <p>Given the widespread use of pesticides in agriculture and associated health risks, this study examined the psychosocial determinants of safety behaviors among Iranian farmers using the Health Action Model (HAM), a critical step for informing effective public health interventions.</p> Methods <p>This cross-sectional study applied the Health Action Model (HAM) to assess pesticide safety behaviors among 384 farmers in Northeast Iran, selected via multistage random sampling. Validated questionnaires measured knowledge, attitudes, and environmental factors affecting safety practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (SPSS v26).</p> Results <p>The sample was predominantly male (72.4%) with a mean age of 46.2 ± 15.3 years and limited formal education (59.6% with a diploma). Key findings revealed that: (1) Knowledge systems were strong predictors of safety intention (β = 0.39) and practice (β = 0.28), while environmental factors had a similar impact (β ≈ 0.32); (2) A strong relationship was found between behavioral intention and actual action (β = 0.47, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001); however, the moderate strength of this pathway indicates a significant intention-action gap; (3) The effectiveness of training followed a dose-response relationship, with multiple sessions having a significantly greater impact than a single session and (4) Gender and education differences were evident, and females showed significantly lower risky intention (β = -0.18) and action (β = -0.17) scores compared to males.</p> Conclusions <p>The findings underscore that environmental factors and knowledge are the most robust predictors of safety behavior, suggesting that interventions must address both cognitive and structural barriers. This framework offers valuable guidance for implementing effective multi-component interventions, combining targeted education with infrastructural support, particularly in developing nations.</p>

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Determinants of pesticide safety behaviors among Iranian farmers: applying the health action model

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月30日

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  • Fatemeh Sedghi,
  • Roya Khorsandi,
  • Ghazaleh Yosofnejhad,
  • Najmeh Khodadadi,
  • Seyedeh Belin Tavakoly Sany

摘要

Background and objectives

Given the widespread use of pesticides in agriculture and associated health risks, this study examined the psychosocial determinants of safety behaviors among Iranian farmers using the Health Action Model (HAM), a critical step for informing effective public health interventions.

Methods

This cross-sectional study applied the Health Action Model (HAM) to assess pesticide safety behaviors among 384 farmers in Northeast Iran, selected via multistage random sampling. Validated questionnaires measured knowledge, attitudes, and environmental factors affecting safety practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (SPSS v26).

Results

The sample was predominantly male (72.4%) with a mean age of 46.2 ± 15.3 years and limited formal education (59.6% with a diploma). Key findings revealed that: (1) Knowledge systems were strong predictors of safety intention (β = 0.39) and practice (β = 0.28), while environmental factors had a similar impact (β ≈ 0.32); (2) A strong relationship was found between behavioral intention and actual action (β = 0.47, p < 0.001); however, the moderate strength of this pathway indicates a significant intention-action gap; (3) The effectiveness of training followed a dose-response relationship, with multiple sessions having a significantly greater impact than a single session and (4) Gender and education differences were evident, and females showed significantly lower risky intention (β = -0.18) and action (β = -0.17) scores compared to males.

Conclusions

The findings underscore that environmental factors and knowledge are the most robust predictors of safety behavior, suggesting that interventions must address both cognitive and structural barriers. This framework offers valuable guidance for implementing effective multi-component interventions, combining targeted education with infrastructural support, particularly in developing nations.