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Background <p>Premenstrual disorders (PMD), including premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and the more severe premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), are burdensome conditions with unclear mechanisms. While inflammation is implicated, biomarker research is challenged by inconsistent findings and cyclical fluctuations. This study utilized polygenic risk scores (PRS) to investigate the association between lifelong genetic predisposition to altered immune-related cell counts and PMD risk and symptom severity.</p> Methods <p>This cross-sectional study included 1,730 Chinese college students from the Care of Premenstrual Emotion cohort. PRS were calculated for seven immune biomarkers: white blood cell (WBC), basophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and C-reactive protein. Probable PMD cases and symptom severity (total, physical, affective) were assessed using a modified Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences. Generalized estimating equations estimated risk ratios (RR) and β-coefficients, adjusting for confounders.</p> Results <p>Overall, 424 (24.5%) participants met probable PMD criteria, including 379 (21.9%) with PMS and 45 (2.6%) with PMDD. The PRS for WBC showed a suggestive, non-significant association with diagnosis (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.00–1.18; <i>P</i> = 0.062). No other immune PRS showed significant associations. A higher PRS for WBC was associated with physical symptom severity (β = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.00–0.10; <i>P</i> = 0.047). This association was stronger in women with symptom onset at menarche (β = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.15–0.78; <i>P</i> = 0.008). The highest quintile of PRS for WBC exhibited greater severity across all domains versus the lowest, suggesting a possible graded pattern. Item-level analyses suggested signals for limb swelling, increased appetite, and food cravings.</p> Conclusions <p>The PRS for WBC may be associated with premenstrual symptom severity, specifically physical domains. These findings suggest that inflammatory liability may contribute to the physical symptom burden of PMD, but replication in prospectively phenotyped cohorts with detailed gynecologic and medical comorbidity data is needed.</p> Trial registration <p>Not applicable.</p>

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Association of genetic predisposition to immune-related biomarkers with premenstrual disorders and symptom severity

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Yijie Luo,
  • Jiantong Sun,
  • Min Chen,
  • Qing Pan,
  • Ting Pan,
  • Jin Huang,
  • Huan Song,
  • Yuchen Li,
  • Donghao Lu

摘要

Background

Premenstrual disorders (PMD), including premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and the more severe premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), are burdensome conditions with unclear mechanisms. While inflammation is implicated, biomarker research is challenged by inconsistent findings and cyclical fluctuations. This study utilized polygenic risk scores (PRS) to investigate the association between lifelong genetic predisposition to altered immune-related cell counts and PMD risk and symptom severity.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 1,730 Chinese college students from the Care of Premenstrual Emotion cohort. PRS were calculated for seven immune biomarkers: white blood cell (WBC), basophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and C-reactive protein. Probable PMD cases and symptom severity (total, physical, affective) were assessed using a modified Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences. Generalized estimating equations estimated risk ratios (RR) and β-coefficients, adjusting for confounders.

Results

Overall, 424 (24.5%) participants met probable PMD criteria, including 379 (21.9%) with PMS and 45 (2.6%) with PMDD. The PRS for WBC showed a suggestive, non-significant association with diagnosis (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.00–1.18; P = 0.062). No other immune PRS showed significant associations. A higher PRS for WBC was associated with physical symptom severity (β = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.00–0.10; P = 0.047). This association was stronger in women with symptom onset at menarche (β = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.15–0.78; P = 0.008). The highest quintile of PRS for WBC exhibited greater severity across all domains versus the lowest, suggesting a possible graded pattern. Item-level analyses suggested signals for limb swelling, increased appetite, and food cravings.

Conclusions

The PRS for WBC may be associated with premenstrual symptom severity, specifically physical domains. These findings suggest that inflammatory liability may contribute to the physical symptom burden of PMD, but replication in prospectively phenotyped cohorts with detailed gynecologic and medical comorbidity data is needed.

Trial registration

Not applicable.