Background <p>Adolescence is a critical period for rapid emotional and cognitive development. Depression and cognitive impairment frequently co-occur in this population, yet their comorbidity patterns and symptom-level interactions remain insufficiently explored.</p> Methods <p>A total of 2,244 students (mean age = 16.8 ± 0.84 years; 1,218 males, 1,026 females) from a high school in Heilongjiang Province, China, were recruited. Depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire–Depression (PDQ-D). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was applied to identify subgroups, followed by network analysis to examine central symptoms (expected influence, EI), bridge symptoms (bridge expected influence, BEI), and network differences (NCT).</p> Results <p>The optimal LPA model identified three comorbidity subgroups: low, moderate, and high. NCT revealed significant differences in network structure and global strength between the low–moderate (S = 1.514, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) and moderate–high groups (S = 1.324, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001), whereas no differences were found between the low–high groups. Somatic symptoms were the most central nodes across networks. Prospective memory impairment and interpersonal problems were stable bridges, while inhibition/organization deficits uniquely bridged domains in the moderate subgroup.</p> Conclusions <p>Adolescent Depression and Cognitive Impairment can be classified into low, moderate, and high comorbidity subgroups. Somatic symptoms emerged as the central symptom, while prospective memory impairment and interpersonal problems were identified as key bridge symptoms, suggesting potential intervention targets for early screening and stratified treatment.</p> Clinical trial number <p>Not applicable.</p>