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Background <p>Parents who themselves have Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) tend to benefit less from conventional parent training (PT) interventions than parents without ADHD, reporting suboptimal effects on both parenting-related outcomes and child externalizing or oppositional behaviors. Therefore, we examined the efficacy of a PT protocol tailored to adults with ADHD called Improving Parenting Skills Adult ADHD (IPSA), using a randomized controlled trial design.</p> Methods <p><i>N</i> = 109 self-referred parents with ADHD who had a child with or without ADHD aged 3 to 11 years were randomized to receive IPSA in addition to their routine services (<i>n</i> = 55) or to a comparison group continuing their routine services only (<i>n</i> = 54). Parent-reports of parental self-efficacy (primary outcome), parental stress, home chaos, and externalizing child behaviors (secondary outcomes) were collected pre and post IPSA, as well as at follow-up one and a half to three months later. The primary analyses were conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle, using linear mixed-effects models.</p> Results <p>There was a larger pre-to-post increase in parental self-efficacy following IPSA compared to routine services only (Cohen’s <i>d</i> = 0.85, <i>p</i> &lt; .001), which remained at follow-up (<i>d</i> = 0.84, <i>p</i> &lt; .001). In addition, we observed a pattern of pre-to-post change in the expected direction across the study’s secondary outcomes (post intervention <i>d =</i> -0.39 to -0.71), including reductions in parental ratings of child externalizing behaviors. Forty-seven (96%) of the 49 parents who started IPSA completed the program, without signs of unintended harm.</p> Conclusions <p>The IPSA PT program effectively and safely supported parents with ADHD in improving their parental self-efficacy. However, the long-term stability of the program’s effect requires further investigation, as does its effectiveness in a regular health care or social services context.</p> Trial registration <p>The study was retrospectively registered during data collection, before analyses (clinicaltrials.gov, ID NCT06040996, 28/08/2023).</p>

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Parent training tailored for parents with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月26日

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  • Therese Lindström,
  • Sofia Buddgård,
  • Lena Westholm,
  • Martin Forster,
  • Sven Bölte,
  • Tatja Hirvikoski

摘要

Background

Parents who themselves have Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) tend to benefit less from conventional parent training (PT) interventions than parents without ADHD, reporting suboptimal effects on both parenting-related outcomes and child externalizing or oppositional behaviors. Therefore, we examined the efficacy of a PT protocol tailored to adults with ADHD called Improving Parenting Skills Adult ADHD (IPSA), using a randomized controlled trial design.

Methods

N = 109 self-referred parents with ADHD who had a child with or without ADHD aged 3 to 11 years were randomized to receive IPSA in addition to their routine services (n = 55) or to a comparison group continuing their routine services only (n = 54). Parent-reports of parental self-efficacy (primary outcome), parental stress, home chaos, and externalizing child behaviors (secondary outcomes) were collected pre and post IPSA, as well as at follow-up one and a half to three months later. The primary analyses were conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle, using linear mixed-effects models.

Results

There was a larger pre-to-post increase in parental self-efficacy following IPSA compared to routine services only (Cohen’s d = 0.85, p < .001), which remained at follow-up (d = 0.84, p < .001). In addition, we observed a pattern of pre-to-post change in the expected direction across the study’s secondary outcomes (post intervention d = -0.39 to -0.71), including reductions in parental ratings of child externalizing behaviors. Forty-seven (96%) of the 49 parents who started IPSA completed the program, without signs of unintended harm.

Conclusions

The IPSA PT program effectively and safely supported parents with ADHD in improving their parental self-efficacy. However, the long-term stability of the program’s effect requires further investigation, as does its effectiveness in a regular health care or social services context.

Trial registration

The study was retrospectively registered during data collection, before analyses (clinicaltrials.gov, ID NCT06040996, 28/08/2023).