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Background <p>Cerebral palsy is a permanent disorder that affects motor and posture control, significantly impacting the motor function, daily activities, and participation of affected individuals. Virtual reality-based training and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation have each demonstrated benefits for cerebral palsy rehabilitation, but their combined effects remain largely unexplored. This randomized controlled crossover trial examined the potential effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation, a patterned form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, on virtual reality-based cycling training designed to improve upper extremity function in children with spastic cerebral palsy.</p> Methods <p>Twelve participants were enrolled and randomized, with eight completing two sequential intervention phases in a counterbalanced order: real stimulation combined with virtual cycling training (<i>n</i> = 10 conditions) and sham stimulation combined with virtual cycling training (<i>n</i> = 10 conditions). The virtual cycling training program included twelve sixty-minute sessions delivered two to three times per week, and stimulation focused on the hand motor region of the involved hemisphere. The outcome measures included the Box and Block Test, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Pediatric Motor Activity Log, Caregiver Functional Use Survey, and Goal Attainment Scales to assess manual dexterity, activity performance, caregiver-reported functional use, and personalized goal attainment, both before and after the intervention.</p> Results <p>Linear mixed-effects models revealed a significant treatment effect for Goal Attainment Scales scores only (F = 7.474, <i>p</i> = 0.019), with intermittent theta burst stimulation yielding superior results. No significant period, sequence or treatment effects were observed for other outcomes. Between-condition comparisons confirmed a significant difference in Goal Attainment Scales scores (mean difference = 12.63, 95% CI [3.26, 22.08], <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05, Cohen’s d = 1.30), while all other measures showed non-significant differences with small effect sizes.</p> Conclusions <p>These preliminary findings suggest that a combination of intermittent theta burst stimulation and virtual reality-based cycling training may modestly improve goal-directed upper-extremity function in children with spastic cerebral palsy. However, given the exploratory design and limited sample size, larger studies are required to confirm these findings and establish clinical efficacy.</p> Trial registration <p>This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04101994) on 22 September 2019. Participant recruitment began on 29 March 2019. Retrospectively registered.</p>

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Preliminary effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation combined with virtual reality-based cycling training on upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy: a double-blind randomized crossover trial

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月2日

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  • I-Chun Chen,
  • Chia-Ling Chen,
  • Hsieh‑Ching Chen,
  • I-Jun Chou,
  • Rou-Shayn Chen,
  • Chia-Ying Chung,
  • Katie Pei-Hsuan Wu,
  • Keh-Chung Lin,
  • Ching-Yi Wu

摘要

Background

Cerebral palsy is a permanent disorder that affects motor and posture control, significantly impacting the motor function, daily activities, and participation of affected individuals. Virtual reality-based training and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation have each demonstrated benefits for cerebral palsy rehabilitation, but their combined effects remain largely unexplored. This randomized controlled crossover trial examined the potential effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation, a patterned form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, on virtual reality-based cycling training designed to improve upper extremity function in children with spastic cerebral palsy.

Methods

Twelve participants were enrolled and randomized, with eight completing two sequential intervention phases in a counterbalanced order: real stimulation combined with virtual cycling training (n = 10 conditions) and sham stimulation combined with virtual cycling training (n = 10 conditions). The virtual cycling training program included twelve sixty-minute sessions delivered two to three times per week, and stimulation focused on the hand motor region of the involved hemisphere. The outcome measures included the Box and Block Test, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Pediatric Motor Activity Log, Caregiver Functional Use Survey, and Goal Attainment Scales to assess manual dexterity, activity performance, caregiver-reported functional use, and personalized goal attainment, both before and after the intervention.

Results

Linear mixed-effects models revealed a significant treatment effect for Goal Attainment Scales scores only (F = 7.474, p = 0.019), with intermittent theta burst stimulation yielding superior results. No significant period, sequence or treatment effects were observed for other outcomes. Between-condition comparisons confirmed a significant difference in Goal Attainment Scales scores (mean difference = 12.63, 95% CI [3.26, 22.08], p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 1.30), while all other measures showed non-significant differences with small effect sizes.

Conclusions

These preliminary findings suggest that a combination of intermittent theta burst stimulation and virtual reality-based cycling training may modestly improve goal-directed upper-extremity function in children with spastic cerebral palsy. However, given the exploratory design and limited sample size, larger studies are required to confirm these findings and establish clinical efficacy.

Trial registration

This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04101994) on 22 September 2019. Participant recruitment began on 29 March 2019. Retrospectively registered.