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Background <p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects multiple body systems, causing lasting effects on metabolic, endocrine, renal, and hematological functions. While vaccination is known to lessen the severity of acute disease, its long-term effects on biochemical and physiological markers are not well understood. This study aimed to assess the 30-month longitudinal changes in key clinical biomarkers in COVID-19 survivors, categorized by their vaccination status.</p> Methods <p>This retrospective single-center cohort study involved 421 adult patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19, divided into three groups: unvaccinated (Group-1), partially vaccinated with 1–2 doses (Group-2), and fully vaccinated with ≥ 3 doses (Group-3). Smokers were excluded. Laboratory data were recorded at four intervals: baseline (T<sub>0</sub>), 18 months (T<sub>1</sub>), 24 months (T<sub>2</sub>), and 30 months (T<sub>3</sub>). COVID-19 patients were evaluated for metabolic, endocrine, hematologic, renal, cardiac, and coagulation markers, stratified by vaccination status.</p> Results <p>Group-3 showed improvements in fasting glucose (from 127.00 ± 3.87 to 113.20 ± 2.69&#xa0;mg/dL; <i>P</i> = 0.0061) and hemoglobin A1c (from 7.06 ± 0.22% to 6.43 ± 0.14%, <i>P</i> = 0.0075), reduced C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (from 13.23 ± 2.04 to 7.06 ± 0.97&#xa0;mg/dL; <i>P</i> = 0.0183), and stable hypertension prevalence. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) levels increased slightly in Group-3, suggesting potential immunomodulation of the thyroid axis, while triiodothyronine (T3) levels remained stable. Creatinine levels increased significantly over time only in Group-3 (from 0.85 ± 0.03 to 0.94 ± 0.04&#xa0;mg/dL; <i>P</i> = 0.0018) but remained within reference limits and were positively correlated with age and vaccine dose. No significant changes were observed in lipid profile, D-dimer, fibrinogen, or troponin levels at T<sub>3</sub> across groups. Conversely, unvaccinated individuals experienced ongoing glycemic dysregulation and an increase in hypertension prevalence (from 23.7% to 72.9%, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.0001).</p> Conclusions <p>Full COVID-19 vaccination may be linked with improved long-term outcomes in glucose regulation and cardiovascular stability. These findings support enhancing clinical follow-up and public health practices and suggest that vaccination may be associated with improved metabolic profiles in long-term follow-up for COVID-19 survivors.</p>

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Evaluation of glucose metabolism, endocrine, and renal functions following vaccination in post-COVID-19 individuals: a longitudinal retrospective single-center cohort study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月29日

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  • Ceren Gür,
  • Sezen Kumaş Solak

摘要

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects multiple body systems, causing lasting effects on metabolic, endocrine, renal, and hematological functions. While vaccination is known to lessen the severity of acute disease, its long-term effects on biochemical and physiological markers are not well understood. This study aimed to assess the 30-month longitudinal changes in key clinical biomarkers in COVID-19 survivors, categorized by their vaccination status.

Methods

This retrospective single-center cohort study involved 421 adult patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19, divided into three groups: unvaccinated (Group-1), partially vaccinated with 1–2 doses (Group-2), and fully vaccinated with ≥ 3 doses (Group-3). Smokers were excluded. Laboratory data were recorded at four intervals: baseline (T0), 18 months (T1), 24 months (T2), and 30 months (T3). COVID-19 patients were evaluated for metabolic, endocrine, hematologic, renal, cardiac, and coagulation markers, stratified by vaccination status.

Results

Group-3 showed improvements in fasting glucose (from 127.00 ± 3.87 to 113.20 ± 2.69 mg/dL; P = 0.0061) and hemoglobin A1c (from 7.06 ± 0.22% to 6.43 ± 0.14%, P = 0.0075), reduced C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (from 13.23 ± 2.04 to 7.06 ± 0.97 mg/dL; P = 0.0183), and stable hypertension prevalence. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) levels increased slightly in Group-3, suggesting potential immunomodulation of the thyroid axis, while triiodothyronine (T3) levels remained stable. Creatinine levels increased significantly over time only in Group-3 (from 0.85 ± 0.03 to 0.94 ± 0.04 mg/dL; P = 0.0018) but remained within reference limits and were positively correlated with age and vaccine dose. No significant changes were observed in lipid profile, D-dimer, fibrinogen, or troponin levels at T3 across groups. Conversely, unvaccinated individuals experienced ongoing glycemic dysregulation and an increase in hypertension prevalence (from 23.7% to 72.9%, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Full COVID-19 vaccination may be linked with improved long-term outcomes in glucose regulation and cardiovascular stability. These findings support enhancing clinical follow-up and public health practices and suggest that vaccination may be associated with improved metabolic profiles in long-term follow-up for COVID-19 survivors.