Background <p>Cognitive impairment represents an emerging significant public health concern and a prominent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and dementia among older adults. This study examines the association of substance use and lifestyle factors with cognitive impairment among older adults in India.</p> Method <p>Utilizing data from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) wave 1 (2017–18). We performed bivariate analyses to show association between predictors and outcome variables. Binary logistic regression was employed to understand the impact of substances use, and life style factors controlling the effect of demographic, socio-economic, and health factors on cognitive impairment.</p> Results <p>In India, 10.76% of older adults exhibit cognitive impairment. The individual who consumed alcohol were 17% more likelihood to experience cognitive impairment (OR:1.17,95% CI:1.07,1.28). Similarly, those who smoked tobacco were 7% more likely to experience cognitive impairment (OR:1.06,95% CI:0.76,1.15). Life style also plays a significant role in determining cognitive impairment.</p> Conclusions <p>Substance use and other lifestyle factors are significantly associated with cognitive impairment among the older adults in India. Therefore, encouraging older adults who use tobacco or alcohol to assess their cognitive function at an earlier stage that could prevent or mitigate cognitive impairment, thereby enhancing their quality of life. This contribute to achieve of Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 3 that guaranteeing good health and wellbeing for all.</p>