Background <p>CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) incidents can significantly disrupt the natural order of human life and pose serious psychosocial challenges. This study aims to identify the components of psychosocial support available to citizens and frontline personnel during such events.</p> Methods <p>A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to July 2024. All articles that met the inclusion criteria and passed the screening process were included in the review. The screening process followed PRISMA guidelines. Thematic content analysis was conducted using Braun and Clarke’s six-step framework. Extracted data were coded, categorized, and synthesized into key psychosocial support themes.</p> Results <p>A total of 14,365 articles were initially identified. After the screening process, 29 studies were included, and 11 additional relevant studies from Google Scholar were added, resulting in a final sample of 40 studies. Thematic analysis revealed four primary categories of psychosocial support: behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual, further divided into 12 subcategories.</p> Conclusions <p>Psychosocial support measures in CBRNE incidents encompass a broad range of individual, community-based, and organizational strategies implemented during and after events. Effective risk reduction planning in all identified dimensions is essential to prevent psychosocial disorders and enhance resilience in the face of such complex emergencies.</p>