Background <p>As enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols evolve and become increasingly important in anesthesia management, anesthesiologists must update and improve their knowledge and skills. To investigate knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of anesthesiologists towards ERAS and day surgery anesthesia management.</p> Methods <p>This cross-sectional study was conducted among anesthesiologists from tertiary hospitals of China, using a self-designed questionnaire.</p> Results <p>303 valid questionnaires [aged 37.61 ± 8.77 years, 155 (51.16%) males] were collected. The mean KAP scores were 21.04 ± 6.03 (possible range: 0–32), 31.59 ± 3.14 (possible range: 8–40), and 19.68 ± 4.09 (possible range: 6–30), respectively. Structural equation modeling showed that surgical cases (β = 0.53, <i>P</i> = 0.017) and ERAS-related training (β = 5.22, <i>P</i> = 0) directly affected knowledge. Further, knowledge (β = 0.16, <i>P</i> = 0) and hospital grade (β = 0.81, <i>P</i> = 0.044) directly affected attitude. Moreover, knowledge (β = 0.28, <i>P</i> = 0), attitude (β = 0.21, <i>P</i> = 0), gender (β = -0.96, <i>P</i> = 0.005), ERAS-related training (β = 2.05, <i>P</i> = 0), hospital grade (β = 0.89, <i>P</i> = 0.027), and surgical cases (β = 0.28, <i>P</i> = 0.025) directly affected practice.</p> Conclusion <p>Anesthesiologists demonstrated insufficient knowledge, positive attitude, and inactive practice towards ERAS and day surgery anesthesia management. It is recommended that efforts be made to enhance anesthesiologists’ knowledge and foster proactive practice in the domains of ERAS and day surgery anesthesia management.</p> Clinical trial number <p>Not applicable.</p>