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<p><i>Gentiana rhodantha</i> is a commonly used ethnic medicine in Southwest China, with high medicinal value. Although the quality of medicinal materials from different producing areas varies considerably, no studies to date have investigated the chemotypes or genetic diversity of <i>G. rhodantha</i> across its distribution range. In this study, we combined genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the genetic diversity and active component content of <i>G. rhodantha</i> from ten different producing areas. The relationships of these parameters with geographical and environmental factors were also examined and discussed. A total of 168,057 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were obtained. Principal component analysis and phylogenetic analysis based on these SNPs divided the ten populations into three major genetic lineages. The cross-validation error rate reached its minimum at K = 10, suggesting the presence of ten distinct subgroups within the sampled populations. Genetic diversity within populations was low, whereas genetic differentiation among populations was significant. The contents of six active components varied widely among populations.</p><p>The content of mangiferin varied by up to 3.25-fold across populations, while that of swertiamarin showed a 61-fold difference. Genetic clustering corresponded well with chemotypes. Moreover, both genetic diversity and the degree of genetic differentiation were significantly correlated with component content and the extent of variation. Active components exhibited specific associations with geographical factors (latitude, longitude, and altitude). Positive correlations predominated among active components, although negative correlations were also observed for certain component pairs. This study reveals the relationship between genetic variation and active component accumulation in <i>G. rhodantha</i>, and clarifies the role of geographical factors in shaping chemotypic differentiation. These findings provide an important scientific basis for the conservation, evaluation, elite germplasm screening, and standardized cultivation of this medicinal plant.</p>

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Genetic diversity and chemotypic variation of Gentiana rhodantha: insights into the genetic basis of active compound accumulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Qingqing Ye,
  • Lingling Wei,
  • Weixiang Xiao,
  • Xin Tan,
  • Li Yang,
  • Deqiang Ren,
  • Ning Ding,
  • Zhikun Wu

摘要

Gentiana rhodantha is a commonly used ethnic medicine in Southwest China, with high medicinal value. Although the quality of medicinal materials from different producing areas varies considerably, no studies to date have investigated the chemotypes or genetic diversity of G. rhodantha across its distribution range. In this study, we combined genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the genetic diversity and active component content of G. rhodantha from ten different producing areas. The relationships of these parameters with geographical and environmental factors were also examined and discussed. A total of 168,057 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were obtained. Principal component analysis and phylogenetic analysis based on these SNPs divided the ten populations into three major genetic lineages. The cross-validation error rate reached its minimum at K = 10, suggesting the presence of ten distinct subgroups within the sampled populations. Genetic diversity within populations was low, whereas genetic differentiation among populations was significant. The contents of six active components varied widely among populations.

The content of mangiferin varied by up to 3.25-fold across populations, while that of swertiamarin showed a 61-fold difference. Genetic clustering corresponded well with chemotypes. Moreover, both genetic diversity and the degree of genetic differentiation were significantly correlated with component content and the extent of variation. Active components exhibited specific associations with geographical factors (latitude, longitude, and altitude). Positive correlations predominated among active components, although negative correlations were also observed for certain component pairs. This study reveals the relationship between genetic variation and active component accumulation in G. rhodantha, and clarifies the role of geographical factors in shaping chemotypic differentiation. These findings provide an important scientific basis for the conservation, evaluation, elite germplasm screening, and standardized cultivation of this medicinal plant.