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Background <p><i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i> (bigleaf hydrangea) is a globally popular ornamental plant renowned for its large showy flowers and pH-sensitive flower colors. The species also possesses medicinal components and exhibits exceptional tolerance to lead and aluminum, making it a multifunctional crop with potential for environmental remediation and commercial applications. Despite its horticultural and ecological importance, mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of <i>Hydrangea</i> species remain largely unexplored.</p> Results <p>We assembled a complete mitogenome of <i>H. macrophylla</i> ‘Endless Summer’ consisting of two circular chromosomes, adding to the known mitogenome architectures in Hydrangeaceae. The circular-mapping mitogenome spans 773,669&#xa0;bp and consists of two master chromosomes. A total of 712 repeat elements were identified, including 227 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 32 tandem repeats, and 453 dispersed repeats, which collectively contribute to the mitogenome’s structural complexity. The Ka/Ks ratio analysis indicated that most protein-coding genes (PCGs) are under purifying selection, whereas two genes (<i>atp4</i> and <i>mttB</i>) showed positive selection. RNA editing sites were identified in 26 PCGs, totaling 146 sites. Furthermore, 31 homologous fragments between the mitochondrial and plastid genomes were detected, highlighting inter-organellar gene transfer events. Mitogenome collinearity analysis revealed significant differences in the arrangement and rearrangement of mitogenomes within superasterids. The mitochondrial phylogeny recovered a topology of (Cornales, (Ericales, (Lamiids, Campanulids))), but branch support for this deep node was insufficient to confidently resolve the relationship, indicating a limited phylogenetic signal in the mitochondrial data.</p> Conclusion <p>This study provides a mitogenome resource for the genus <i>Hydrangea</i> and the order Cornales, with a dual-chromosome structure that adds to our understanding of mitochondrial genome evolution in this lineage, and establishes a genomic framework to support future research on stress adaptation, conservation, and industrial utilization of <i>Hydrangea</i> species.</p>

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The mitochondrial genome of the soil pH-indicator plant Hydrangea macrophylla provides insights into mitogenome variation and evolution in superasterids

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Zhenying Wen,
  • Shuangshuang Chen,
  • Huijie Chen,
  • Xintong Liu,
  • Xiangyu Qi,
  • Jing Feng,
  • Yuyan Jin,
  • Ming Sun,
  • Yanming Deng

摘要

Background

Hydrangea macrophylla (bigleaf hydrangea) is a globally popular ornamental plant renowned for its large showy flowers and pH-sensitive flower colors. The species also possesses medicinal components and exhibits exceptional tolerance to lead and aluminum, making it a multifunctional crop with potential for environmental remediation and commercial applications. Despite its horticultural and ecological importance, mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Hydrangea species remain largely unexplored.

Results

We assembled a complete mitogenome of H. macrophylla ‘Endless Summer’ consisting of two circular chromosomes, adding to the known mitogenome architectures in Hydrangeaceae. The circular-mapping mitogenome spans 773,669 bp and consists of two master chromosomes. A total of 712 repeat elements were identified, including 227 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 32 tandem repeats, and 453 dispersed repeats, which collectively contribute to the mitogenome’s structural complexity. The Ka/Ks ratio analysis indicated that most protein-coding genes (PCGs) are under purifying selection, whereas two genes (atp4 and mttB) showed positive selection. RNA editing sites were identified in 26 PCGs, totaling 146 sites. Furthermore, 31 homologous fragments between the mitochondrial and plastid genomes were detected, highlighting inter-organellar gene transfer events. Mitogenome collinearity analysis revealed significant differences in the arrangement and rearrangement of mitogenomes within superasterids. The mitochondrial phylogeny recovered a topology of (Cornales, (Ericales, (Lamiids, Campanulids))), but branch support for this deep node was insufficient to confidently resolve the relationship, indicating a limited phylogenetic signal in the mitochondrial data.

Conclusion

This study provides a mitogenome resource for the genus Hydrangea and the order Cornales, with a dual-chromosome structure that adds to our understanding of mitochondrial genome evolution in this lineage, and establishes a genomic framework to support future research on stress adaptation, conservation, and industrial utilization of Hydrangea species.