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Background <p>The Formin homology 2 (FH2) family plays a crucial role in regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics and plant responses to abiotic stress. However, the evolutionary mechanisms and functional characteristics of the FH2 family in cultivated peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) remain largely unclear, particularly under heavy metal and salt stress<!--Query ID="Q1" Text="Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately." Resolved="yes"-->.</p> Results <p>In this study, 29 <i>AhFH2</i> genes were identified in the peanut genome. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into fiv<Emphasis Type="Underline">e</Emphasis> major subfamilies. Synteny analysis showed that segmental duplication was the main driving force underlying expansion of the <i>AhFH2</i> gene family in allotetraploid peanut, and that these genes have undergone strong purifying selection to preserve their core functions. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of <i>AhFH2</i> homoeologous gene pairs revealed significant subgenome-specific expression bias, likely suggesting functional divergence and subfunctionalization during polyploid evolution. Cis-regulatory element analysis identified multiple motifs associated with hormone signaling and stress responses. In addition, qRT-PCR expression profiling and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis showed that <i>AhFH2</i> genes exhibited significant tissue specificity and transcriptional divergence under five abiotic stresses, including aluminum, cadmium, salt, selenium, and manganese. Notably, <i>AhFH2-6</i> and <i>AhFH2-25</i> were identified as core stress-responsive candidate genes that mediate responses to heavy metal toxicity in peanut roots<!--Query ID="Q2" Text="Please check if the affiliations are presented correctly." Resolved="yes"-->.</p> Conclusions <p>This study provides the first comprehensive overview of the evolutionary landscape of the FH2 family in cultivated peanut and highlights potential subgenome-biased expression under stress conditions. These findings provide insight into Formin-mediated molecular networks underlying crop stress tolerance and identify promising candidate targets for future genetic improvement of peanut through gene editing.</p>

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Genome-wide identification and gene expression analysis of Formin homology 2 (FH2) genes in peanut

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Mingfeng Che,
  • Shan Yang,
  • Guang Ouyang,
  • Tingting Chen,
  • Rui Zhang,
  • Qing Xie,
  • Hanqiao Hu,
  • Yingbin Xue,
  • Guang Chen,
  • Ying Liu

摘要

Background

The Formin homology 2 (FH2) family plays a crucial role in regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics and plant responses to abiotic stress. However, the evolutionary mechanisms and functional characteristics of the FH2 family in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) remain largely unclear, particularly under heavy metal and salt stress.

Results

In this study, 29 AhFH2 genes were identified in the peanut genome. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into five major subfamilies. Synteny analysis showed that segmental duplication was the main driving force underlying expansion of the AhFH2 gene family in allotetraploid peanut, and that these genes have undergone strong purifying selection to preserve their core functions. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of AhFH2 homoeologous gene pairs revealed significant subgenome-specific expression bias, likely suggesting functional divergence and subfunctionalization during polyploid evolution. Cis-regulatory element analysis identified multiple motifs associated with hormone signaling and stress responses. In addition, qRT-PCR expression profiling and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis showed that AhFH2 genes exhibited significant tissue specificity and transcriptional divergence under five abiotic stresses, including aluminum, cadmium, salt, selenium, and manganese. Notably, AhFH2-6 and AhFH2-25 were identified as core stress-responsive candidate genes that mediate responses to heavy metal toxicity in peanut roots.

Conclusions

This study provides the first comprehensive overview of the evolutionary landscape of the FH2 family in cultivated peanut and highlights potential subgenome-biased expression under stress conditions. These findings provide insight into Formin-mediated molecular networks underlying crop stress tolerance and identify promising candidate targets for future genetic improvement of peanut through gene editing.