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Background <p><i>Amaranthus palmeri</i> is one of the most aggressive invasive weeds worldwide, causing severe yield losses in major crops and exhibiting widespread herbicide resistance. Although its nuclear genome has been extensively studied, the mitochondrial genome, which plays essential roles in stress responses and reproductive development, remains unexplored.</p> Results <p>In this study, we report the first complete assembly and annotation of the <i>A. palmeri</i> mitogenome. The circular mitochondrial genome is 348,126&#xa0;bp long (GC content 42.8%) and contains 54 genes: 30 protein-coding, 21 tRNA, and 3 rRNA. Comparative analysis with <i>A. tricolor</i> revealed differences in codon usage, repeat elements, RNA editing (296 versus 311&#xa0;C-to-U sites), and intracellular gene transfer. A total of 1,243 repeat elements were identified in <i>A. palmeri</i>, compared to 1,176 in <i>A. tricolor</i>. We analyzed genome structure and synteny among seven species in the family Amaranthaceae, and reconstructed phylogenetic trees for these seven and 16 additional representative taxa (23 total).</p> Conclusions <p>This study presents the first assembly and annotation of the mitochondrial genome of <i>A. palmeri</i>, revealing codon bias, repeat elements, RNA editing, and intracellular gene transfer. These results provide valuable insights into mitochondrial genome evolution and inform the development of mitochondrial markers for species identification, population monitoring, and lineage tracking, thereby supporting the management of <i>A. palmeri.</i></p>

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Mitochondrial genome of the invasive weed Amaranthus palmeri: structural features, RNA editing, and evolutionary insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • Jiahao Zheng,
  • Xinyu Bai,
  • Tingting Zhu,
  • Ang Li,
  • Jing Yan,
  • Huiru Li,
  • Zhechen Qi,
  • Shaojun Dai,
  • Xiaoling Yan

摘要

Background

Amaranthus palmeri is one of the most aggressive invasive weeds worldwide, causing severe yield losses in major crops and exhibiting widespread herbicide resistance. Although its nuclear genome has been extensively studied, the mitochondrial genome, which plays essential roles in stress responses and reproductive development, remains unexplored.

Results

In this study, we report the first complete assembly and annotation of the A. palmeri mitogenome. The circular mitochondrial genome is 348,126 bp long (GC content 42.8%) and contains 54 genes: 30 protein-coding, 21 tRNA, and 3 rRNA. Comparative analysis with A. tricolor revealed differences in codon usage, repeat elements, RNA editing (296 versus 311 C-to-U sites), and intracellular gene transfer. A total of 1,243 repeat elements were identified in A. palmeri, compared to 1,176 in A. tricolor. We analyzed genome structure and synteny among seven species in the family Amaranthaceae, and reconstructed phylogenetic trees for these seven and 16 additional representative taxa (23 total).

Conclusions

This study presents the first assembly and annotation of the mitochondrial genome of A. palmeri, revealing codon bias, repeat elements, RNA editing, and intracellular gene transfer. These results provide valuable insights into mitochondrial genome evolution and inform the development of mitochondrial markers for species identification, population monitoring, and lineage tracking, thereby supporting the management of A. palmeri.