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Background <p><i>Fusarium</i> wilt of tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.), caused by <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lycopersici</i> (FOL), is a devastating soil-borne disease. Due to the limitations of conventional methods, sustainable biocontrol strategies are required. <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> is considered a promising biocontrol agent; however, the strain-specific nature of its antifungal and plant-growth-promoting mechanisms demands further investigation.</p> Results <p>We demonstrated the efficacy of <i>B. velezensis</i> BV25 against tomato <i>Fusarium</i> wilt. In vitro assays showed that FOL growth was significantly inhibited by both BV25 and its crude extracts; further, the inhibitory effect of the extracts was dose-dependent. In greenhouse trials, application of <i>B. velezensis</i> BV25 fermentation broth not only significantly suppressed the severity of <i>Fusarium</i> wilt but also promoted plant growth, even in the absence of the pathogen. The suppression of <i>Fusarium</i> wilt by <i>B. velezensis</i> BV25 treatment was correlated with the priming of plant defenses, as evidenced by the elevated activities of defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL). The complete genome sequencing of <i>B. velezensis</i> BV25, coupled with ANI analysis, determined its species designation. Our focus then turned to its functional genetic repertoire. We identified a diverse complement of Secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for known antimicrobials such as fengycin and surfactin, a suite of genes encoding fungal cell wall-degrading Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes), and multiple genes implicated in plant growth promotion including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis, siderophore production, and nutrient uptake.</p> Conclusion <p>Our findings provide an extensive understanding of the biocontrol mechanisms of <i>B. velezensis</i> BV25, which include direct antagonism, induction of systemic resistance, and direct plant growth promotion. The integration of phenotypic evidence with genomic data positions <i>B. velezensis</i> BV25 as a robust candidate for developing sustainable biocontrol inoculants to manage tomato <i>Fusarium</i> wilt.</p>

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Genophenotypic insights into biocontrol and growth-promoting mechanisms of Bacillus velezensis BV25 against tomato Fusarium wilt

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

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  • Tian Xu,
  • Ming Li,
  • Xin Dong,
  • Jianlong Zhao,
  • Jian Ling,
  • Yuhong Yang,
  • Zhenchuan Mao,
  • Bingyan Xie,
  • Ligang Zhou,
  • Yan Li

摘要

Background

Fusarium wilt of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), is a devastating soil-borne disease. Due to the limitations of conventional methods, sustainable biocontrol strategies are required. Bacillus velezensis is considered a promising biocontrol agent; however, the strain-specific nature of its antifungal and plant-growth-promoting mechanisms demands further investigation.

Results

We demonstrated the efficacy of B. velezensis BV25 against tomato Fusarium wilt. In vitro assays showed that FOL growth was significantly inhibited by both BV25 and its crude extracts; further, the inhibitory effect of the extracts was dose-dependent. In greenhouse trials, application of B. velezensis BV25 fermentation broth not only significantly suppressed the severity of Fusarium wilt but also promoted plant growth, even in the absence of the pathogen. The suppression of Fusarium wilt by B. velezensis BV25 treatment was correlated with the priming of plant defenses, as evidenced by the elevated activities of defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL). The complete genome sequencing of B. velezensis BV25, coupled with ANI analysis, determined its species designation. Our focus then turned to its functional genetic repertoire. We identified a diverse complement of Secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for known antimicrobials such as fengycin and surfactin, a suite of genes encoding fungal cell wall-degrading Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes), and multiple genes implicated in plant growth promotion including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis, siderophore production, and nutrient uptake.

Conclusion

Our findings provide an extensive understanding of the biocontrol mechanisms of B. velezensis BV25, which include direct antagonism, induction of systemic resistance, and direct plant growth promotion. The integration of phenotypic evidence with genomic data positions B. velezensis BV25 as a robust candidate for developing sustainable biocontrol inoculants to manage tomato Fusarium wilt.