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Background <p>Beta-2 toxin is considered an accessory toxin of <i>C. perfringens</i> encoded by both the <i>cpb2</i> and <i>atypical cpb2</i> (<i>aty.cpb2</i>) genes. However, the prevalence patterns and genomic backgrounds of <i>cpb2/aty.cpb2</i> remain incompletely understood.</p> Results <p>In this study, we performed a large-scale comparative genomic analysis of 865 <i>cpb2</i>- or <i>aty.cpb2</i>-positive <i>C. perfringens</i> strains. Genetic variation was detected across the full-length nucleotide sequences of both <i>cpb2</i> and <i>aty.cpb2</i>, resulting in distinct predicted protein variants. Compared with <i>aty.cpb2</i>-positive strains, <i>cpb2</i>-positive strains exhibited clearer phylogenetic clustering, although the presence of <i>cpb2</i> alone did not fully account for this pattern, indicating that <i>cpb2</i> is associated with broader lineage-related genomic features. At the contig level, all <i>cpb2</i>-positive sequences were associated with pCP13-like plasmid backbones, whereas most <i>aty.cpb2</i>-positive sequences were linked to pCW3-like plasmid markers; the remaining <i>aty.cpb2</i>-positive sequences were distributed in distinct contig groups showing similarity to phage-associated or plasmid-associated reference sequences. Sequence annotation further showed that both <i>cpb2</i> and <i>aty.cpb2</i> were commonly adjacent to <i>hp</i> and a <i>PadR</i>-family transcriptional regulator, forming related local genetic segments.</p> Conclusions <p>Overall, this study provides a comparative genomic characterization of <i>cpb2/aty.cpb2</i>-associated genetic contexts and identifies two distinct phage-like contig groups carrying <i>aty.cpb2</i>, thereby offering new insights into the genomic diversity and potential mobility of beta-2 toxin genes in <i>C. perfringens</i>.</p>

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Genetic background and plasmid-associated contig profiles of the beta-2 toxin coding genes cpb2 and atypical cpb2 in Clostridium perfringens

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Xin Tian,
  • Guangming Zhao,
  • Ke Wu,
  • Haoyu Zhao,
  • Shaolin Wang,
  • Edward M Fox,
  • Yuxin Xie,
  • Yunjie Jiao,
  • Huafang Hao,
  • Shengli Chen,
  • Yong Huang,
  • Xinke Zhang,
  • Zengqi Yang,
  • Juan Wang

摘要

Background

Beta-2 toxin is considered an accessory toxin of C. perfringens encoded by both the cpb2 and atypical cpb2 (aty.cpb2) genes. However, the prevalence patterns and genomic backgrounds of cpb2/aty.cpb2 remain incompletely understood.

Results

In this study, we performed a large-scale comparative genomic analysis of 865 cpb2- or aty.cpb2-positive C. perfringens strains. Genetic variation was detected across the full-length nucleotide sequences of both cpb2 and aty.cpb2, resulting in distinct predicted protein variants. Compared with aty.cpb2-positive strains, cpb2-positive strains exhibited clearer phylogenetic clustering, although the presence of cpb2 alone did not fully account for this pattern, indicating that cpb2 is associated with broader lineage-related genomic features. At the contig level, all cpb2-positive sequences were associated with pCP13-like plasmid backbones, whereas most aty.cpb2-positive sequences were linked to pCW3-like plasmid markers; the remaining aty.cpb2-positive sequences were distributed in distinct contig groups showing similarity to phage-associated or plasmid-associated reference sequences. Sequence annotation further showed that both cpb2 and aty.cpb2 were commonly adjacent to hp and a PadR-family transcriptional regulator, forming related local genetic segments.

Conclusions

Overall, this study provides a comparative genomic characterization of cpb2/aty.cpb2-associated genetic contexts and identifies two distinct phage-like contig groups carrying aty.cpb2, thereby offering new insights into the genomic diversity and potential mobility of beta-2 toxin genes in C. perfringens.