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<p>A significant number of road accidents are caused by impaired driver attention, such as inattention and more specifically mind wandering. Accordingly, to enhance drivers’ safety, one solution proposed to avoid accidents due to mind wandering is to automate vehicle driving. However, vehicles on the market are not yet fully autonomous, and the driver retains supervisory status and must be able to regain control of the vehicle when asked to do so. This passive supervision can lead to under-activation of the attentional system and mind wandering, hindering the driver's ability to regain control of the vehicle if requested. To address this societal issue, the physiological indicators of mind wandering were investigated in delegated driving. Forty-three participants took part in this experiment. They were seated in a car simulator, and supervised a simulated autonomous driving environment for 20&#xa0;min. Every 60 to 120&#xa0;s, they were asked to declare whether their attention was focused on the supervisory task or not. Thus, it permits distinguishing between two attentional situations: being focused on the task or wandering thoughts. There were 11 questionnaires and their order reflected the temporal progression throughout the experiment. Before each declaration, cardiac and electrodermal activities were measured. The Linear Mixed Model analysis showed that the attentional situation was a predictor of the number of phasic skin conductance responses and time was a predictor of the tonic skin conductance level. Individuals had fewer phasic responses when they were in mind wandering state than when they were focused on the task and the tonic level varied over time. The attentional situation, the time, and their interaction were predictors of SDNN reactivity (Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal intervals). SDNN varied over time and reactivity was lower in mind wandering. The results from the other cardiac indicators were not significant. These results showed specific cardiac and electrodermal signatures of mind wandering. They are discussed as a consequence of low engagement in the task when drivers are mind wandering. Considering these indicators could enable the detection of mind wandering in autonomous driving before a takeover request.</p>

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The impact of mind wandering on physiological measures in delegated driving

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月2日

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  • Florence Mazeres,
  • Alexandra Fort,
  • Yannick Lavril,
  • Hélène Tattegrain,
  • Christophe Jallais

摘要

A significant number of road accidents are caused by impaired driver attention, such as inattention and more specifically mind wandering. Accordingly, to enhance drivers’ safety, one solution proposed to avoid accidents due to mind wandering is to automate vehicle driving. However, vehicles on the market are not yet fully autonomous, and the driver retains supervisory status and must be able to regain control of the vehicle when asked to do so. This passive supervision can lead to under-activation of the attentional system and mind wandering, hindering the driver's ability to regain control of the vehicle if requested. To address this societal issue, the physiological indicators of mind wandering were investigated in delegated driving. Forty-three participants took part in this experiment. They were seated in a car simulator, and supervised a simulated autonomous driving environment for 20 min. Every 60 to 120 s, they were asked to declare whether their attention was focused on the supervisory task or not. Thus, it permits distinguishing between two attentional situations: being focused on the task or wandering thoughts. There were 11 questionnaires and their order reflected the temporal progression throughout the experiment. Before each declaration, cardiac and electrodermal activities were measured. The Linear Mixed Model analysis showed that the attentional situation was a predictor of the number of phasic skin conductance responses and time was a predictor of the tonic skin conductance level. Individuals had fewer phasic responses when they were in mind wandering state than when they were focused on the task and the tonic level varied over time. The attentional situation, the time, and their interaction were predictors of SDNN reactivity (Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal intervals). SDNN varied over time and reactivity was lower in mind wandering. The results from the other cardiac indicators were not significant. These results showed specific cardiac and electrodermal signatures of mind wandering. They are discussed as a consequence of low engagement in the task when drivers are mind wandering. Considering these indicators could enable the detection of mind wandering in autonomous driving before a takeover request.