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<p>Dumped conventional munitions are a problem in many marine environments worldwide. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is one of the most abundant explosives in dumped munitions and known for its toxicity. Due to progressing corrosion of munition shells, TNT is leaking into the environment and is detected in environmental samples (water, sediments, biota). A major concern is how fish, as fundamental part of aquatic environments and important source for human nutrition, are affected by TNT. We therefore employed three-spined stickleback (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>) as a model organism, to test how fish respond to exposure with environmentally relevant concentrations of TNT. Sticklebacks were exposed to sublethal concentrations of TNT (100&#xa0;µg/l) for three months to simulate the conditions at the German munition dump site Kolberger Heide. As an additional stressor, a temperature increase (16&#xa0;°C → 20&#xa0;°C) was applied, to simulate the effects of climate change and induce a stress-on-stress response. Mortality, growth, physiological, and head kidney immune parameters of the sticklebacks were recorded and analysed after exposure. As a result, the mortality of fish was not increased by TNT and physiological parameters were not significantly changed by TNT, except for an increase in the female gonadosomatic index. Of the immune parameters, proportion of neutrophils in head kidney leukocytes and oxidative burst activity were significantly increased by TNT, while proportions of lymphocytes were significantly decreased. The increase in oxidative burst activity, as well as the increased gonadosomatic index of female fish, possibly present hormetic effects.</p>

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Long-term exposure of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) to environmentally relevant concentrations of the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Michael Gabel,
  • Jan-Dag Pohlmann,
  • Jacqueline Lindemeyer,
  • Verena Töpker,
  • Parasuraman Aiya Subramani,
  • Helma Koslowski,
  • Lea Riemeier,
  • Maria Anna Gennaraki,
  • Jennifer Susanne Strehse,
  • Edmund Maser,
  • Ulrike K. R. Kammann,
  • Jörn Peter Scharsack

摘要

Dumped conventional munitions are a problem in many marine environments worldwide. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is one of the most abundant explosives in dumped munitions and known for its toxicity. Due to progressing corrosion of munition shells, TNT is leaking into the environment and is detected in environmental samples (water, sediments, biota). A major concern is how fish, as fundamental part of aquatic environments and important source for human nutrition, are affected by TNT. We therefore employed three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as a model organism, to test how fish respond to exposure with environmentally relevant concentrations of TNT. Sticklebacks were exposed to sublethal concentrations of TNT (100 µg/l) for three months to simulate the conditions at the German munition dump site Kolberger Heide. As an additional stressor, a temperature increase (16 °C → 20 °C) was applied, to simulate the effects of climate change and induce a stress-on-stress response. Mortality, growth, physiological, and head kidney immune parameters of the sticklebacks were recorded and analysed after exposure. As a result, the mortality of fish was not increased by TNT and physiological parameters were not significantly changed by TNT, except for an increase in the female gonadosomatic index. Of the immune parameters, proportion of neutrophils in head kidney leukocytes and oxidative burst activity were significantly increased by TNT, while proportions of lymphocytes were significantly decreased. The increase in oxidative burst activity, as well as the increased gonadosomatic index of female fish, possibly present hormetic effects.