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<p>Lead (Pb²⁺) contamination in aquatic systems poses a major threat to human health and environmental safety. Conventional remediation techniques such as chemical precipitation and ion exchange are often constrained by high operational costs, poor efficiency at trace concentrations, and secondary pollution. Nanotechnology has introduced materials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) with superior physicochemical reactivity for Pb²⁺ removal. This review highlights recent advances (2002–2025) in adsorption–desorption behaviour of Pb²⁺ on MONPs and pristine CNTs, focusing on synthesis, surface properties, adsorption mechanisms, reusability, and toxicity. Reported findings reveal that MONPs, including Fe₃O₄, ZnO, MgO, and CuO, exhibit outstanding adsorption capacities (up to 1980&#xa0;mg g⁻¹ for MgONPs), surpassing those of CNTs which usually range between 10 and 250 mg g<sup>-1</sup> under comparable conditions. This performance is linked to the abundance of chemically active surface sites and electrostatic interactions, which dominate adsorption on MONPs. Desorption studies confirm both materials are reusable over multiple cycles, though MONPs demonstrate higher regeneration efficiency and lower toxicity. Overall, MONPs present more scalable and eco-friendly alternatives for Pb²⁺ remediation. Future research should refine regeneration strategies, assess environmental safety, and develop hybrid systems for sustainable water treatment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A comparative review of the adsorption efficiency and performance variances of metal oxide nanoparticles and pristine carbon nanotubes for Pb2+ sequestration

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Samuel Nnadi,
  • Ifeanyi A. Ucheana,
  • Stanley U. Nwoke

摘要

Lead (Pb²⁺) contamination in aquatic systems poses a major threat to human health and environmental safety. Conventional remediation techniques such as chemical precipitation and ion exchange are often constrained by high operational costs, poor efficiency at trace concentrations, and secondary pollution. Nanotechnology has introduced materials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) with superior physicochemical reactivity for Pb²⁺ removal. This review highlights recent advances (2002–2025) in adsorption–desorption behaviour of Pb²⁺ on MONPs and pristine CNTs, focusing on synthesis, surface properties, adsorption mechanisms, reusability, and toxicity. Reported findings reveal that MONPs, including Fe₃O₄, ZnO, MgO, and CuO, exhibit outstanding adsorption capacities (up to 1980 mg g⁻¹ for MgONPs), surpassing those of CNTs which usually range between 10 and 250 mg g-1 under comparable conditions. This performance is linked to the abundance of chemically active surface sites and electrostatic interactions, which dominate adsorption on MONPs. Desorption studies confirm both materials are reusable over multiple cycles, though MONPs demonstrate higher regeneration efficiency and lower toxicity. Overall, MONPs present more scalable and eco-friendly alternatives for Pb²⁺ remediation. Future research should refine regeneration strategies, assess environmental safety, and develop hybrid systems for sustainable water treatment.

Graphical Abstract