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<p>The present study reports the green synthesis and characterisation of β-cyclodextrin-capped silver nanoparticles (β-CD@AgNPs) using <i>Peganum harmala</i> L. fruit extract as both a reducing and stabilising agent. Multiple spectroscopic and microscopic techniques confirmed the nanoparticles. UV–visible analysis revealed surface plasmon resonance bands at 405 and 549&#xa0;nm, confirming AgNP formation and β-CD mediated stabilisation. FTIR spectra indicated the involvement of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and glycosidic functional groups in nanoparticle capping, while XRD confirmed crystalline, face-centred cubic AgNPs with additional β-CD peaks. TEM analysis showed well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles sized 4–24&#xa0;nm, while DLS and zeta potential analyses confirmed colloidal stability (–26.8&#xa0;mV). The antimicrobial activity of β-CD@AgNPs demonstrated strong inhibitory effects against plant pathogens, including <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i>, <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, and <i>Aspergillus niger</i> in a dose-dependent manner, with low MIC and MBC/MFC values indicating potent bactericidal and fungicidal activity. Insecticidal bioassays against <i>Spodoptera exigua</i> revealed significant concentration- and time-dependent larval mortality, reduced leaf consumption, and strong feeding deterrence. LD<sub>50</sub> and LT<sub>50</sub> values confirmed enhanced toxicity with prolonged exposure and higher concentrations. The findings highlight that β-CD@AgNPs exhibit dual antimicrobial and larvicidal activities, offering an eco-friendly, sustainable alternative to conventional pesticides and chemical agents. The synergistic role of β-CD enhanced nanoparticle stability, dispersibility, and bioavailability, contributing to prolonged biological efficacy. Thus, β-CD@AgNPs synthesised from <i>P. harmala</i> L. fruit extract hold promise as green nanobiopesticides for integrated crop protection and plant disease management.</p>

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β-cyclodextrin-capped silver nanoparticles synthesised from Peganum harmala L. for sustainable crop protection with antimicrobial and larvicidal effects against phytopathogens and Spodoptera exigua

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Chellasamy Panneerselvam,
  • Abdulrahman Alasmari,
  • Ra’fat F. Affan,
  • Zuhair M. Mohammedsaleh,
  • Kamalesh Balakumar Venkatesan,
  • Kanimozhi Kaliyamoorthi

摘要

The present study reports the green synthesis and characterisation of β-cyclodextrin-capped silver nanoparticles (β-CD@AgNPs) using Peganum harmala L. fruit extract as both a reducing and stabilising agent. Multiple spectroscopic and microscopic techniques confirmed the nanoparticles. UV–visible analysis revealed surface plasmon resonance bands at 405 and 549 nm, confirming AgNP formation and β-CD mediated stabilisation. FTIR spectra indicated the involvement of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and glycosidic functional groups in nanoparticle capping, while XRD confirmed crystalline, face-centred cubic AgNPs with additional β-CD peaks. TEM analysis showed well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles sized 4–24 nm, while DLS and zeta potential analyses confirmed colloidal stability (–26.8 mV). The antimicrobial activity of β-CD@AgNPs demonstrated strong inhibitory effects against plant pathogens, including Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas syringae, Bacillus subtilis, and Aspergillus niger in a dose-dependent manner, with low MIC and MBC/MFC values indicating potent bactericidal and fungicidal activity. Insecticidal bioassays against Spodoptera exigua revealed significant concentration- and time-dependent larval mortality, reduced leaf consumption, and strong feeding deterrence. LD50 and LT50 values confirmed enhanced toxicity with prolonged exposure and higher concentrations. The findings highlight that β-CD@AgNPs exhibit dual antimicrobial and larvicidal activities, offering an eco-friendly, sustainable alternative to conventional pesticides and chemical agents. The synergistic role of β-CD enhanced nanoparticle stability, dispersibility, and bioavailability, contributing to prolonged biological efficacy. Thus, β-CD@AgNPs synthesised from P. harmala L. fruit extract hold promise as green nanobiopesticides for integrated crop protection and plant disease management.