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<p>A green combustion route was developed using <i>Aloe vera</i> extract for the synthesis of highly crystalline Calcium Titanate (CaTiO<sub>3</sub>) (CTO) nanoparticles (~ 30&#xa0;nm). The optimized CaTiO<sub>3</sub> NPs exhibits a direct optical band gap of 3.12&#xa0;eV and abundant surface oxygen vacancies, enhancing charge separation and light absorption. As a photocatalyst, the material achieved a remarkable degradation efficiency of 90.44% for Malachite green (MG) dye under UV irradiation and 57.88% under sunlight within 120&#xa0;min, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. Scavenger studies confirmed that photogenerated holes (h<sup>+</sup>) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) play dominant roles in the degradation process. Furthermore, the <i>Aloe vera</i>–derived CaTiO<sub>3</sub> demonstrated superior electrochemical activity toward Glyphosate detection, showing rapid amperometric response, low charge-transfer resistance, and excellent linearity (R<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.96) across 1–6&#xa0;µM concentration with LOD 0.38&#xa0;µM and sensitivity ~ 0.25&#xa0;µA&#xa0;µM<sup>–1</sup>. These results demonstrate the potential of <i>Aloe vera</i>–assisted CaTiO<sub>3</sub> as a sustainable multifunctional nanomaterial that integrates environmental remediation and agrochemical sensing, offering a scalable and eco-friendly platform for next-generation photocatalysts and electrochemical sensors.</p>

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Bio-inspired green combustion synthesis of CaTiO3 nanoparticles via Aloe vera extract for synergetic photocatalytic degradation of Malachite green and electrochemical sensing of glyphosate

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月15日

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  • Syed Khasim,
  • Taymour A. Hamdalla,
  • Nawal Alghamdi,
  • Suhair A. Bani-Atta,
  • Mansour Alatawi,
  • Chellasamy Panneerselvam

摘要

A green combustion route was developed using Aloe vera extract for the synthesis of highly crystalline Calcium Titanate (CaTiO3) (CTO) nanoparticles (~ 30 nm). The optimized CaTiO3 NPs exhibits a direct optical band gap of 3.12 eV and abundant surface oxygen vacancies, enhancing charge separation and light absorption. As a photocatalyst, the material achieved a remarkable degradation efficiency of 90.44% for Malachite green (MG) dye under UV irradiation and 57.88% under sunlight within 120 min, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. Scavenger studies confirmed that photogenerated holes (h+) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) play dominant roles in the degradation process. Furthermore, the Aloe vera–derived CaTiO3 demonstrated superior electrochemical activity toward Glyphosate detection, showing rapid amperometric response, low charge-transfer resistance, and excellent linearity (R2 > 0.96) across 1–6 µM concentration with LOD 0.38 µM and sensitivity ~ 0.25 µA µM–1. These results demonstrate the potential of Aloe vera–assisted CaTiO3 as a sustainable multifunctional nanomaterial that integrates environmental remediation and agrochemical sensing, offering a scalable and eco-friendly platform for next-generation photocatalysts and electrochemical sensors.